The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Ecological Inference
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
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Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
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Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Quantitative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews
Lau, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Schmid, C. H. (1997) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00008 · Cited by 2,517
Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider?
Krieger, N. (1994) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90202-x · Cited by 1,419
Krieger, N. (1999) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/m11w-vwxe-kqm9-g97q · Cited by 1,181
Revisiting Robinson: The perils of individualistic and ecologic fallacy
Subramanian, S. V., Jones, K., Kaddour, A., & Krieger, N. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn359 · Cited by 252
Metadata
- Authors
- Langbein, L., & Lichtman, A.
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Published
- 1978
- OpenAlex
- W2970315901
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 40.47
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Ecological Inference. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4135/9781412984003
- The paper
- Langbein, L., & Lichtman, A. (1978). Ecological Inference. Sage eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984003
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
