Big Data in Education: The digital future of learning, policy and practice
Abstract
Big data has the power to transform education and educational research. Governments, researchers and commercial companies are only beginning to understand the potential that big data offers in informing policy ideas, contributing to the development of new educational tools and innovative ways of conducting research. This cutting-edge overview explores the current state-of-play, looking at big data and the related topic of computer code to examine the implications for education and schooling for today and the near future. Key topics include: • The role of learning analytics and educational data science in schools • A critical appreciation of code, algorithms and infrastructures • The rise of 'cognitive classrooms', and the practical application of computational algorithms to learning environments • Important digital research methods issues for researchers This is essential reading for anyone studying or working in today's education environment!
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
When embedded in the prompt sequence, ChatGPT generated six references, five of which were hallucinated references, and one genuine reference cited with the correct year.
“When embedded in the prompt sequence, however, ChatGPT generated six references, five of which were hallucinated references. One, however, was genuine and was cited with the correct year ('Big Data in Education: The Digital Future of Learning, Policy and Practice' 2027) (Williamson, 2017).”
From How Unique Are Hallucinated Citations Offered by Generative Artificial Intelligence Models? (2026) · cites this paper as Williamson, 2017
ChatGPT offered to provide a list of actual titles, two of which were genuine [26,27] and three were hallucinated.
“It offered to provide a list of actual titles, two of which were genuine [26,27] and three were hallucinated.”
From How unique are hallucinated citations offered by generative Artificial Intelligence models? (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
One of the six references generated by ChatGPT was genuine and was cited with the correct year ('Big Data in Education: The Digital Future of Learning, Policy and Practice' 2027).
“One, however, was genuine and was cited with the correct year ('Big Data in Education: The Digital Future of Learning, Policy and Practice' 2027). [26]”
From How unique are hallucinated citations offered by generative Artificial Intelligence models? (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
This perspective aligns with sociological analyses of AI in education that emphasize the redistribution of agency and the reconfiguration of pedagogical power.
“This perspective aligns with sociological analyses of AI in education that emphasize the redistribution of agency and the reconfiguration of pedagogical power [34,41].”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
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Gulson, K. N., & Witzenberger, K. (2022) · Journal of Education Policy · doi:10.1080/02680939.2020.1785552 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A pedagogy of data and Artificial intelligence for student subjectification.
Loftus, M., & Madden, M. G. (2020) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2020.1748593 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Joseph, O. B., & Uzondu, N. C. (2024) · Computer Science & IT Research Journal · doi:10.51594/csitrj.v5i8.1379 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Generative AI in education: best practices for successful implementation
AlAli, R., Wardat, Y., Al-Saud, K., & Alhayek, K. A. (2024) · International Journal of Religion · doi:10.61707/pkwb8402 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
AI in Education: Shaping the Future of Teaching and Learning
Takona, J. (2024) · International Journal of Current Educational Studies · doi:10.46328/ijces.121 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ahmad, H., & Ghafar, N. A. (2026) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-026-01254-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This perspective aligns with sociological analyses of AI in education that emphasize the redistribution of agency and the reconfiguration of pedagogical power [ 34, 41].”
How Unique Are Hallucinated Citations Offered by Generative Artificial Intelligence Models?
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2026) · Publications · doi:10.3390/publications14030038 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Think tasks, not tools: why AI policy in higher education needs constructive alignment
Santschi, S. (2026) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2026.2671391 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How unique are hallucinated citations offered by generative Artificial Intelligence models?
Spennemann, D. H. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16407
“It offered to provide a list of actual titles, two of which were genuine (Williamson, 2017; Williamson & Hogan, 2020) and three of which were hallucinated.”
- Authors
- Williamson, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Williamson, Ben
- ORCID
- Williamson, Ben
- Venue
- SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications Ltd
- Published
- 2017
- OpenAlex
- W2999199799
- Cited by
- 883
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 310 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 42.47
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Digital Education and Society
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Educational and Technological Research
- Keywords
- big data in education, learning analytics, educational data science, digital research methods, education policy, schools
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