Transolfactory neuroinvasion by viruses threatens the human brain
Open accessAbstract
Viral neuroinvasion via the olfactory system has been investigated in a variety of virus-animal models by scientists in many fields including virologists, pathologists, and neurologists. In humans, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), Borna disease virus, rabies virus, and influenza A virus have been shown to take the olfactory route for neuroinvasion based on forensic and post-mortem specimens. This article briefly summarizes the anatomy, physiology, and immunology of the olfactory system and presents a battery of neurovirulent viruses that may threaten the human brain by invading through this peripheral pathway, especially focusing on two of the most intensively studied viruses--HSV-1 and influenza A virus. Viruses may insidiously invade the olfactory neural network not only to precipitate encephalitis/encephalopathy but also to promote the development of neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. Substantial information obtained by analyzing human specimens is required to argue for or against this hypothesis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CoV can enter the brain through the olfactory tract in the early stages of infection or nasal vaccination.
“As a consequence, CoV can enter the brain through the olfactory tract in the early stages of infection or nasal vaccination (Desforges et al., 2019, Mori, 2015).”
From Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses (2020) · cites this paper as Mori, 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 102 · Cited by 72
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Beers DR, Henkel JS, Kesner RP, Stroop WG (1995): Spatial recog- nition memory defi cits without notable CNS pathology in rats following herpes simplex encephalitis. J. Neurol. Sci. 131, 119-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-510- X(95)00099-N Bennett RS, Cress CM, Ward JM, Firestone CY, Murphy BR, White- head SS (2008): La Crosse virus infectivity, pathogenesis, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys. Virol. J. 5, 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-5-25 · DOI
- Liedtke W, Opalka B, Zimmermann CW, Lignitz E (1993): Age distribution of latent herpes simplex virus 1 and vari- cella-zoster virus genome in human nervous system. J. Neurol. Sci. 116, 6-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022- 510X(93)90082-A Livorsi D, Anderson E, Qureshi S, Howard M, Wang YF, Franco- Paredes C (2010): Brainstem encephalitis: an unusual pres- entation of herpes simplex virus infection. J. Neurol. 257, 1432-1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-010-5600-x · DOI
- Authors
- MORI, I.
- Affiliations
- Shubun University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- MORI, I.
- ORCID
- MORI, I.
- Venue
- Acta Virologica
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 338-349
- ISSN
- 0001-723X (ISSN-L)
- 1336-2305
- OpenAlex
- W2394982413
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 0.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Virologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Keywords
- olfactory system, herpes simplex virus type 1, influenza A virus, encephalitis, encephalopathy, neurodegenerative diseases, demyelinating disease, postmortem specimens
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Olfactory Mucosa, Virus Diseases, Virus Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
