The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mitochondrially localized ERK2 regulates mitophagy and autophagic cell stress
Open accessAbstract
Degenerating neurons of Parkinson's disease (PD) patient brains exhibit granules of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) that localize to autophagocytosed mitochondria. Here we show that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) elicits activity-related localization of ERK1/2 in mitochondria of SH-SY5Y cells, and these events coincide with induction of autophagy and precede mitochondrial degradation. Transient transfection of wildtype (WT) ERK2 or constitutively active MAPK/ERK Kinase 2 (MEK2-CA) was sufficient to induce mitophagy to a degree comparable with that elicited by 6-OHDA, while constitutively active ERK2 (ERK2-CA) had a greater effect. We developed green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion constructs of WT, CA, and kinase-deficient (KD) ERK2 to study the role of ERK2 localization in regulating mitophagy and cell death. Under basal conditions, cells transfected with GFP-ERK2-WT or GFP-ERK2-CA, but not GFP-ERK2-KD, displayed discrete cytoplasmic ERK2 granules of which a significant fraction colocalized with mitochondria and markers of autophagolysosomal maturation. The colocalizing GFP-ERK2/mitochondria granules are further increased by 6-OHDA and undergo autophagic degradation, as bafilomycin-A, an inhibitor of autolysosomal degradation, robustly increased their detection. Interestingly, increasing ERK2-WT or ERK2-CA expression was sufficient to promote comparable levels of macroautophagy as assessed by analysis of the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3). In contrast, the level of mitophagy was more tightly correlated with ERK activity levels, potentially explained by the greater localization of ERK2-CA to mitochondria compared to ERK2-WT. These data indicate that mitochondrial localization of ERK2 activity is sufficient to recapitulate the effects of 6-OHDA on mitophagy and autophagic cell death.
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RetractedLC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing.
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dagda, R. K., Zhu, J., Kulich, S. M., & Chu, C. T.
- Venue
- Autophagy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-08-16
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 770-782
- ISSN
- 1554-8627 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-8635
- OpenAlex
- W1569812687
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 70
- FWCI
- 11.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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