Air Traffic Volume and Air Traffic Control Human Errors

“Despite the utilization of high-tech equipment, ATC is still mostly dependent on individual decision-making [11], which is always subject to probability of occurrences of human error.”

“It is generally accepted that heavy traffic volume may present an excessively heavy workload to ATC personnel [5] and may thus result in a higher probability of error [6].”

“…were considered as intrinsic cognitive loads and noted to have interactions with alertness (Galy et al., 2012); increasing traffic volume on the peak hour corresponded to a high task demand that could increase ATCO task load and the potential for occurrences (Eurocontrol, 2003; Moon et al., 2011).”

“Moon, Yoo, and Choi (2011) presents the results of experiments that show the connection between the level of complexity in air traffic and the mistakes in the decision process caused by controllers, suggesting the need to increase the number of controllers and improvements in control systems.”

“The consequence of the controllers’ error was, inter alia, the death of all 128 passengers in US airspace and 71 passengers of airplanes controlled by Swiss air traffic controllers [12].”

“Some communication errors include failure to challenge incorrect readbacks, incorrect call signs, use of non-standard phraseology, and missing or clipped call signs [8].”

“The increasing demand for air traffic services presents a challenge for ATC, who need to manage the increasing demand while simultaneously sustaining high levels of safety performance (Hilburn et al. 2006; Moon et al. 2011).”

“Although this rate of 5% may seem very low considering all accidents occurring, the indirect effect of controllers in pilot-induced accidents should not be ignored (Moon et al., 2011).”

“This perspective is important to aviation safety because the number of accidents caused by human errors is increasing owing to the traffic jams [4].”

“In [8] the authors have tried to describe the relationship between air traffic volume and human error frequency.”

“world situations such as security checks, blood transfusions [20], pharmacological dispensing [21], air traffic control [22] and driving [23] are only too obvious.”

“This growth has a direct impact on the number of flights and aircraft controlled simultaneously, increasing theworkload of air traffic controllers and the complexity of air traffic control [2] and requiring increased infrastructure and improvements to guarantee flight safety and efficiency.”

“This increases the probability of pilots making mistakes [10].”

“had evaluated the relationship between air traffic volume and human error in air traffic control (ATC) on the basis of reviews of existing literature and interviews and surveys of ATC safety experts [11].”

“The expansion of airspace capacity has emerged as a critical response to the surging demand for air travel [1], [2], [3].”

“…increasing demand for services (Di Flumeri et al. 2019; Eurocontrol 2022; Flynn et al. 2003 ; International Civil Aviation Author - ity (ICAO), 2019; Moon et al. 2011 ) while simultaneously maintaining and improving safety performance (Hilburn et al. 2006; Lovato et al. 2018; Vogt et al. 2010).”

“, 2017), air traffic control (Kim, 2015; Moon et al., 2011)) or financial consequences (warehouse robots (Bogue, 2017), advertisement campaign).”

“…– Resources framework suggests that organizational resources, including staffing arrangements and support roles, can buffer the negative effects of high job demands by enabling more effective task allocation and reducing unnecessary cognitive load (Moon et al., 2011; Ridayanti et al., 2021).”

“This is consistent with the findings of Moon et al. (2011), which showed that increasing air traffic without adequate automation and decision-support tools can elevate the probability of human error by up to 40%.”

“Considering the significance of human factor in unsafe incidents, a close examination of human factors is critically important for pilots and air traffic controllers, who play the most significant roles within the aviation community related to aircraft operations (Moon et al., 2011).”

“Com isso, a segurança de passageiros e companhias se torna cada vez mais dependente de sistemas críticos que garantam confiabilidade durante períodos de voo [2].”

“Simulators also contribute to avoiding errors in commercial aviation and general aviation [19].”

“The contribution of human errors to aviation accidents has been found to be substantial in the overall rates of aircraft accidents worldwide. Errors arise as a result of wrong interpretation of a problem or the choice of a wrong course of action after an accurate picture of a situation has been established. Generally,…”