The Characterization of Steel Slag by Alkali Activation
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents a characterization analysis of alkali-activated steel slag.The effect ratio of steel slag and ferronickel slag which are the precursor materials on the compressive strength of the alkali-activated materials was investigated.The combination of sodium hydroxide solution of 15 moles concentration and sodium silicate was used as an alkaline activator.The ratio between steel slag and alkaline liquid was fixed at 3.31 for all mixtures.Ambient curing (20˚C -25˚C) are used throughout the experiment.Compressive strength shows the alkali-activated steel slag presented high strength at 14 days curing which is 21.56 MPa.In comparison, the alkali activated steel slag had better strength than 50/50 Fe/SS alkali-activated slag which only achieved 16.75 MPa.Result obtained shows that alkali-activated steel slag had better water absorption than 50/50 Fe/SS alkali-activated slag at 7 days curing.Furthermore, the activation of steel slag was contributed to the presences of gehlenite, larnite, akermanite and magnetite.Lastly, the alkali-activated steel slag presents the vibration of the Si-O bonds at wave number 970.46 cm -1 contributed by the calcium silicate hydrate.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Crucial factors influencing properties of geopolymer include solid-to-liquid ratio, sodium hydroxide molarity, and sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide ratio.
“A few crucial factors influencing the properties of geopolymer so as to contribute to achieving a good mix of design and formulation of geopolymer include solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio, sodium hydroxide molarity, and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)/sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ratio [51,74,92,93,94].”
From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The Introduction identifies sodium concentration and the use of NaOH or waterglass as factors affecting the strength of alkali-activated slag. Section 2.1 (Materials) specifies a 15 M NaOH solution and a solid-to-liquid ratio, but keeps that ratio constant. The paper does not identify the sodium silicate-to-NaOH ratio as an influential factor or establish that all three ratios govern geopolymer properties; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUsing NaOH solution in geopolymer synthesis causes low strength development if the molarity used is too high or too low.
“The obstacle of using NaOH solution in the geopolymer synthesis is the low strength development if the molarity used is too high or too low [71,72,74,80,92,94].”
From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that increasing sodium concentration can increase mechanical strength, which lends support to the low-concentration side of the claim. It links higher alkali concentration to shrinkage and fast setting, not lower strength. The Materials section (page unavailable) uses a single 15 M NaOH solution, so the study does not establish that strength is low at both extremes of NaOH molarity. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- Davidovits, J. (1991) Geopolymers. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37, 1633-1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01912193 · DOI
- Temuujin, J., Van Riessen, A. and MacKenzie, K. (2010) Preparation and Charac- terisation of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortars. Construction and Building Mate- rials, 24, 1906-1910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.012 · DOI
- Chindaprasirt, P., et al. (2009) Comparative Study on the Characteristics of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Geopolymers. Waste Management, 29, 539-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.023 · DOI
- Wang, S.-D., Scrivener, K.L. and Pratt, P. (1994) Factors Affecting the Strength of Alkali-Activated Slag. Cement and Concrete Research, 24, 1033-1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90026-4 · DOI
- Cheng, T. and Chiu, J. (2003) Fire-Resistant Geopolymer Produced by Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Minerals Engineering, 16, 205-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00008-6 · DOI
- Bădănoiu, A.I., Al-Saadi, T.H.A. and Voicu, G. (2015) Synthesis and Properties of New Materials Produced by Alkaline Activation of Glass Cullet and Red Mud. In- ternational Journal of Mineral Processing, 135, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2014.12.002 · DOI
- Ahmari, S. and Zhang, L. (2012) Production of Eco-Friendly Bricks from Copper Mine Tailings through Geopolymerization. Construction and Building Materials, 29, 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.048 · DOI
- Villa, C., et al. (2010) Geopolymer Synthesis Using Alkaline Activation of Natural Zeolite. Construction and Building Materials, 24, 2084-2090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.052 · DOI
- Zheng, G., et al. (2015) Alkali-Activation Reactivity of Chemosynthetic Al 2 O 3 -2SiO 2 Powders and Their 27 Al and 29 Si Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Reso- nance Spectra. Particuology, 22, 151-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2014.10.006 · DOI
- Cirpici, B.K., Wang, Y. and Rogers, B. (2016) Assessment of the Thermal Conduc- tivity of Intumescent Coatings in Fire. Fire Safety Journal, 81, 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.01.011 Role of Fibres and Fillers to Enhance Thermal Properties. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-311-8 · DOI
- Glukhovsky, V., Rostovskaja, G. and Rumyna, G. (1980) High Strength Slag-Alka- line Cements. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Paris.
- Wang, S.-D. (1991) Review of Recent Research on Alkali-Activated Concrete in China. Magazine of Concrete Research, 43, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1991.43.154.29 · DOI
- Pu, X., et al. (1988) Summary Reports of Research on Alkali-Activated Slag Cement and Concrete. Chongqing Institute of Architecture and Engineering, Chongqing, Vol. 1, 6.
- Karahan, O. and Yakupoğlu, A. (2011) Resistance of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortar to Abrasion and Fire. Advances in Cement Research, 23, 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2011.23.6.289 · DOI
- Fernández-Jiménez, A., et al. (2003) Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrates Formed in Alkaline-Activated Slag: Influence of the Type of Alkaline Activator. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 86, 1389-1394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03481.x · DOI
- Bilim, C. and Atiş, C.D. (2017) Carbonation Resistance of Slag Mortars Activated by I. H. Aziz et al. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1103816 12 Open Access Library Journal Different Alkali Activators. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 1, 1-4.
- Gan, M. (1997) Cement and Concrete. CRC Press.
- García-Lodeiro, I., et al. (2008) FTIR Study of the Sol-Gel Synthesis of Cementitious Gels: C-S-H and N-A-S-H. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 45, 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-007-1643-6 · DOI
- Criado, M., Aperador, W. and Sobrados, I. (2016) Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Alkali Activated Colombian Raw Materials. Materials, 9, 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9030158 · DOI
- Alper, A. (2012) Phase Diagrams 6-V: Materials Science and Technology. Vol. 5, Elsevier.
- Bignozzi, M.C., et al. (2013) Mix-Design and Characterization of Alkali Activated Materials Based on Metakaolin and Ladle Slag. Applied Clay Science, 73, 78-85. Open Access Library Journal Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Concrete. Cement and Concrete Re- search, 33, 1481-1486.
- Rungchet, A., et al. (2016) Hydration and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Blended Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Belite Cement Made of Industrial By-Products. King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology.
- Komnitsas, K. and Zaharaki, D. (2007) Geopolymerisation: A Review and Prospects for the Minerals Industry. Minerals Engineering, 20, 1261-1277.
- Fernández-Jiménez, A. and Puertas, F. (2003) Effect of Activator Mix on the Hydra- tion and Strength Behaviour of Alkali-Activated Slag Cements. Advances in Cement Research, 15, 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2003.15.3.129 · DOI
- Yao, X., Yang, T. and Zhang, Z. (2016) Compressive Strength Development and Shrinkage of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash-Slag Blends Associated with Efflorescence. Materials and Structures, 7, 2907-2918. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0694-3 · DOI
- Submit or recommend next manuscript to OALib Journal and we will pro- vide best service for you: Publication frequency: Monthly 9 subject areas of science, technology and medicine Fair and rigorous peer-review system Fast publication process Article promotion in various social networking sites (LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, etc.) Maximum dissemination of your research work Submit Your Paper Online: Click Here to Submit Or Contact service@oalib.com
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Abdila, S. R., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Ahmad, R., Burduhos Nergis, D. D., Rahim, S. Z. A., Omar, M. F., Sandu, A. V., Vizureanu, P., & Syafwandi (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15010375 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
- Authors
- Aziz, I. H., Zulkifly, K., Sakkas, K., Panias, D., Tsaousi, G. M., Bakri, M. M. A. A., & Yong, H. C.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Malaysia Perlis (MY)
- National Technical University of Athens (GR)
- Venue
- OALib
- Publisher
- Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 04
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 2333-9705 (ISSN-L)
- 2333-9721
- OpenAlex
- W2767969762
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- OALib (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission (689857)
- Ministry of Education, India
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- National Technical University of Athens
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Materials Engineering and Processing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
- Keywords
- steel slag, alkali-activated materials, ferronickel slag, compressive strength, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, water absorption, mineral phases, gehlenite, calcium silicate hydrate, slag utilization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
