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Impact Tolerance and Response of the Human Thorax II
Abstract
Previous studies of human thoracic injury tolerance and mechanical response to blunt, midsternal, anteroposterior impact loading were reported by the authors at the 1970 SAE International Automobile Safety Conference and at the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference. The present paper documents additional studies from this continuing research program and provides an expansion and refinement of the data base established by the earlier work. Twenty-three additional unembalmed cadavers were tested using basically the same equipment and procedures reported previously, but for which new combinations of impactor mass and velocity were used in addition to supplementing other data already presented. Specifically, the 43 lb/11 mph (19.5 kg/4.9m/s) and 51 lb/16 mph (23.1 kg/7.2 m/s) conditions were intercrossed and data obtained at 43 lb/16 mph (19.5 kg/7.2 m/s) and 51 lb/11 mph (23.1 kg/4.9 m/s). Several additional tests were run at 22 mph (9.8 m/s) and confirm a strong velocity sensitivity of the force response throughout the velocity range investigated. Also included are several tests in which the cadaver subjects were rigidly supported midsagittally along the spine to preclude whole body motion. Finally, the kinematics of thoracic compression under blunt, A-P impact have been demonstrated by high-speed cinematography of a thorax unilaterally denuded of skin and superficial tissues to enable visualization of the rib surfaces and intercostal musculature during loading. Response in terms of force-time and deflection-time histories and force versus deflection crossplots, and tolerance in terms of associated necropsy findings and AIS ratings, are presented for all tests. Correlations of the AIS rating with both maximum force and normalized chest deflection, several composite summary plots, and a general data tabulation are also included.
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According to the Abbreviated Injury Scale, these deflections would mostly lead to non-fatal thoracic injuries from moderate to severe, in agreement with the autopsy report of the Dyatlov-incident criminal investigation.
“According to the Abbreviated Injury Scale 18 (AIS), these deflections would mostly lead to non-fatal thoracic injuries from moderate to severe, in agreement with the autopsy report of the Dyatlov-incident criminal investigation.”
From Mechanisms of slab avalanche release and impact in the Dyatlov Pass incident in 1959 (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
At this velocity, an impact on a human thorax of a typical snow block with volume 0.125-0.5 m3 and density 400 kg/m3 results in maximum thorax deformation between 28% and 34%, corresponding to the lower range of values reported from crash tests by Kroell et al. for a 10 kg mass impacting the thorax at 7 m/s.
“At this velocity, an impact on a human thorax of a typical snow block with a volume of 0.125-0.5 m 3 and density 400 kg/m 3 results in a maximum thorax deformation between 28% and 34%, corresponding to the lower range of values reported from crash tests by Kroell et al. 18 for a 10 kg mass impacting the thorax at a speed of 7 m/s”
From Mechanisms of slab avalanche release and impact in the Dyatlov Pass incident in 1959 (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Injury severity was determined by relating maximum normalized deflections to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) presented by Kroell et al.
“Finally, the severity of injuries was determined by relating the maximum normalized deflections to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS, see Supplementary Note 6) presented by Kroell et al. 18 .”
From Mechanisms of slab avalanche release and impact in the Dyatlov Pass incident in 1959 (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
The model was calibrated by simulating a 10 kg rigid block impact and adjusting the elastic modulus of the body to reproduce the maximum normalized deflection of 0.49 that resulted in fatal injuries.
“In order to calibrate our model, we first simulate the impact of a 10 kg rigid block (0.15 × 0.15 × 0.06 m) moving with velocity 7 m/s on a 3D human thorax with restrained back (see Supplementary Note 5 and Supplementary Movie 3).This setup corresponds to the automotive crash experiments performed by Kroell et al. 18 .We adjust the elastic modulus of the body in order to reproduce the same maximum”
From Mechanisms of slab avalanche release and impact in the Dyatlov Pass incident in 1959 (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Nahum A. M. Gadd C. W. Schneider D. C. Kroell C. K. “Deflection of the Human Thorax Under Sternal Impact.” Paper No. 700400 SAE International Automobile Safety Conference Detroit May 1970
- Kroell C. K. Schneider D. C. Nahum A. M. “Impact Tolerance and Response of the Human Thorax.” Paper 710851 Proceedings of Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference 39 New York Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 1972 · DOI
- Lobdell T. E. Kroell C. K. Schneider D. C. Hering W. E. Nahum A. M. “Impact Response of the Human Thorax.” “Human Impact Response-Measurement and Simulation.” Proceedings of Symposium at General Motors Research Laboratories Oct. 2 3 1972 King W. F. Mertz H. J. London Plenum Press. · DOI
- States J. M. Fenner H. J. Flamboe E. E. Jr. Nelson W. D. Hames L. N. “Field Application and Research Development of the Abbreviated Injury Scale.” Paper 710873 Proceedings of Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference 39 New York Society of Automotive Engineers,Inc. 1972 · DOI
- Kroell C. K. Gadd C. W. Schneider D. C. “Biomechanics in Crash Injury Research.” Proceedings of Nineteenth International Instrument Society of America Aerospace Instrumentation Symposium 1973
- Beckman D. L. Friedman B. A. “Mechanics of Cardiothoracic Injury in Primates.” Jrl. Trauma 12 7 July 1972 · DOI
- Neathery R. F. “An Analysis of Chest Impact Response Data and Scaled Performance Recommendations.” Paper 741188 Proceedings of Eighteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference 56 Warrendale,Pa. Society of Automotive Engineers,Inc. 1974 · DOI
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Sorted by citations
Mechanisms of slab avalanche release and impact in the Dyatlov Pass incident in 1959
Gaume, J., & Puzrin, A. M. (2021) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00081-8 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Kroell, C. K., Schneider, D. C., & Nahum, A. M.
- Affiliations
- General Motors (United States) (US)
- San Diego University Hospital
- Venue
- SAE Technical Paper Series
- Publisher
- SAE International
- Published
- 1974-02-01
- Volume
- 1
- ISSN
- 0148-7191 (ISSN-L)
- 2688-3627
- OpenAlex
- W2062916136
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.45
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Trauma Management and Diagnosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Restraint-Related Deaths
- Keywords
- thoracic trauma, impact tolerance, injury tolerance, intercostal muscles, force-time history, velocity sensitivity
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