The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 71 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Historical Context of Land Reform in South Africa and Early Policies
Open accessAbstract
The need for the current land reform programme arose from the racially discriminatory laws and practices which were in place for the largest part of the twentieth century, especially those related to land ownership. The application of these discriminatory laws and practices resulted in extreme inequalities in relation to land ownership and land use. This article provides an overview of the most prominent legislation which provides the framework for the policy of racially-based territorial segregation. It further discusses the legislative measures and policies which were instituted during the period from 1991 to 1997, aimed at abolishing racially-based laws and practices related to land and which eventually provided the basis to the current land reform programme.KEYWORDS: Land Reform; South African History; Land Reform Programme; Racial Discrimination; Land Ownership; Legislation; Racially Based Territorial Segregation; Historical Context.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article provides a historical-legal overview of the segregationist land laws that underpinned apartheid and the early post-1994 land reform policies adopted to address them. It argues that South Africa’s constitutional land reform programme has a strong historical justification but has achieved only limited success, with slow redistribution and widespread unproductive use of transferred agricultural land.
Key findings
- The Natives Land Act 27 of 1913 formalised limitations on black land ownership and reserved an estimated 8% of South African land for black South Africans; the Native Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936 increased this to approximately 13%, confining 80% of the population to that area.
- The Group Areas Acts of 1950 and 1966 enforced racial segregation in land ownership and occupation; between 1960 and 1983 approximately 3.5 million people were forcibly removed as a result of the Acts discussed.
- Post-1994 land reform rests on three constitutional pillars: restitution, redistribution, and tenure security. The RDP set an ambitious target of transferring 30% of white-owned agricultural land to black South Africans by 2001, while the introduction notes a later target of 30% by 2014 and settlement of almost 80 000 claims by 2005.
- The paper reports that less than 10% of the redistribution target has been achieved, more than 90% of agricultural land transferred under the programmes is not being used productively, and the annual land reform budget is less than 1% of the national budget.
Methods
- Doctrinal and historical legal review, not an empirical study; no sample or statistical analysis is conducted.
- The analysis draws on the Constitution, key statutes such as the Natives Land Act, Native Trust and Land Act, Group Areas Acts, and Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, as well as case law, the RDP, the 1997 White Paper on Land Policy, and secondary literature.
- The article narratively synthesises the legislative history of territorial segregation and the early post-apartheid policy framework for land reform.
Limitations
- The paper states that it provides only a brief overview and “in no way attempts to provide an extensive historical background” to the discriminatory laws and practices related to land.
- The paper states that it focuses on the main legislative framework and initial post-1994 policies, rather than offering a complete historical account.
- Evident from the text: the article relies on secondary sources and legal/policy documents, presents no original empirical data, and does not systematically test the causes of land reform’s slow progress.
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Claims the paper makes
67 Not checked yet · 19 No basis given · 13 Own interpretation
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through its limitation on land ownership, the then government confined the majority of the population to a few homelands in which ownership was permitted.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 4 Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With an annual budget of less than 1% of the national budget, budgetary evidence does not support the identification of land reform as a priority.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the land reform programme has had limited success and further legislative interventions, such as forced expropriations, might become necessary.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 4 Conclusion
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In the paper
“A person or community dispossessed of property after 19 June 1913 as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices is entitled, to the extent provided by an Act of Parliament, either to restitution of that property or to equitable redress.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites section 25 (7) of the Constitution
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the earliest challenges faced by the first democratically elected government was how to address the unequal distribution of land in the country.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
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In the paper
“The first of these racially based segregation laws was the Natives Land Act 27 of 1913, 11 which in the year of this special edition celebrates its centenary.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 7
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- Not checked yetcites [11]
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In the paper
“Any agreement concluded in contravention of this prohibition was ab initio null and void 16”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.1 The Natives Land Act 27 of 1913
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- Not checked yetcites [16]
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In the paper
“any contravention of the Act was punishable by the imposition of a fine or imprisonment with or without hard labour, not exceeding six months.17”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.1 The Natives Land Act 27 of 1913
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
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In the paper
“The Native Trust and Land Act made provision for the establishment of the South African Native Trust, a state agency to administer trust land, and”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.2 The Native Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
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In the paper
“land law has also been employed to entrench the political ideology of racial segregation by means of spatial separation of race groups, thereby creating a controversial body of statutory law which may be called apartheid law.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 7
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van der Walt
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 47
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that although the government identifies the principle as one of the major stumbling blocks in the current land policy, it has not provided the details of any research conducted to support its position.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
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In the paper
“Unfortunately, the issue of the economic and social viability of the intended land use has been largely neglected in both the redistribution and restitution pillars with the majority of agricultural land reform programmes being unproductive.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites SAPA 2010
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In the paper
“However, if the South African position is examined it would become evident that land reform beneficiaries are seldom responsible for 100% of the acquisition cost.In terms of an elaborate grant system, beneficiaries are supported through government funding to purchase land.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kloppers Improving Land Reform 66-74
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In the paper
“the majority of agricultural land reform projects are not using land productively and the envisaged growth in employment has not materialised.87”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87]
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most prominent instrument used by the apartheid regime to establish and enforce its policy of racial segregation was legislative intervention.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 4 Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the South African government embarked on an ambitious land reform programme was aimed at redistributing 30% of white-owned commercial agricultural land by 2014 to black South Africans and settling all claims for redistribution (almost 80 000) by 2005.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, more than seven years after the initial target, all land claims have still not been settled and less than 10% of the redistribution target has been achieved by the state.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the state is under the constitutional duty to take”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites section 25(5) of the Constitution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The South African government has shown commitment to eradicate the inequalities and injustices of the past and has initiated a comprehensive land reform programme with a strong constitutional basis -a programme which has to date not been concluded -a programme consisting of three pillars namely: restitution, land redistribution and tenure security.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
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In the paper
“A person or community whose tenure of land is legally insecure as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices is entitled, to the extent provided by an Act of Parliament, either to tenure which is legally secure or to comparable redress.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites section 25(6) of the Constitution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The Act abolished individual land ownership by black people and introduced trust tenure through the creation of the South African Development Trust, which was a government body responsible for purchasing land in”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.2 The Native Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
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In the paper
“[g]roup areas legislation functions essentially through the control of ownership of immovable property, and of the occupation and”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schoombee
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In the paper
“It is clear that this Act furthered the objective of racial segregation, which eventually necessitated the need for land reform.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.2 The Native Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936
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In the paper
“rights must be understood in their social and historical context”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Government of the Republic of South Africa v Grootboom
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A factor that further compounds the crisis is the recent calls by some politicians inciting landless South Africans to illegally occupy land belonging to white farmers, creating a potentially explosive situation.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
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In the paper
“It has been reported that more than 90% of agricultural land transferred in terms of these two programmes is not being used productively.3”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
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In the paper
“The Act effectively prohibited sharecropping contracts 23 between white landowners and black farmers, resulting in many black farmers losing a substantial portion of their income, which in turn resulted in further economic hardship for them.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
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In the paper
“This Act represented the first step in effecting racially based segregation, a system which was furthered through the Native Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936.24”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
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In the paper
“The Act stripped black South Africans of their right to own land or even to live outside demarcated areas without proper authorization by the relevant authorities.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.2 The Native Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936
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In the paper
“two of the three constitutionally endorsed land reform programmes refer to past racially discriminatory laws or practices which facilitated racial segregation.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This situation not only contributes to increasing levels of poverty and unemployment among these land reform beneficiaries, but also threatens food security.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > Introduction
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In the paper
“The Group Areas Act of 1950, described as the”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
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- Not checked yetcites [36]
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In the paper
“The Act created”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.2 The Native Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
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In the paper
“From the wording of these sections, it is clear that the aim of the Act was to bring about territorial segregation based on race, where natives were prohibited from occupying or acquiring land.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.1 The Natives Land Act 27 of 1913
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In the paper
“The Natives Land Act layed the foundation for apartheid and territorial segregation and, for the first time, formalised limitations on black land ownership.12”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.1 The Natives Land Act 27 of 1913
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Through the Act, scheduled areas were designated and in terms of the Act, an estimated 8% of South African land was reserved for black South Africans.22”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 19
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
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In the paper
“As an example of these powers, section 43(1)(a) empowered the Police, when investigating a suspected offence in terms of the Act, to enter without a warrant any premises and make any examination as might be necessary.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 47
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites section 43(1)(a)
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In the paper
“A key element in the fight against poverty is the development of human resources.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 66
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In the paper
“In order to achieve these aims the government needed to provide substantial funding and to create an infrastructure that supported land development.65”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 56
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65]
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In the paper
“The aim of the Act was to consolidate the law related to the establishment of group areas and to regulate the control of the acquisition of immoveable property and the occupation of land and premises.45”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
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In the paper
“The RDP recognised that poverty was the single worst burden on the country and that poverty affected millions of people, especially those living in rural areas.55”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.2 The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The aim of the land redistribution programme was to strengthen the property rights of communities already occupying the land and to provide access to land for those previously deprived of the right to be the owners of land.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 56
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first democratically elected government inherited a country ravaged by extreme levels of poverty, a worsening unemployment problem and unacceptable inequalities in levels of income.52”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.2 The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The programme acknowledged the fact that although the ultimate responsibility for ensuring human resource development lay with government, civil society (by implication, the private sector) should be encouraged to actively take part in the provision of learning opportunities.68”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 66
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The central objective of the entire RDP was to provide opportunities for people to develop themselves in order not only to improve the quality of their own lives, but also to contribute to the upliftment of their communities.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 66
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The reasons for introducing the RDP included the fact that South Africa was identified as a country with one of the highest income distribution inequalities and consequently an extremely high incidence of poverty.54”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.2 The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The programme acknowledged that land represented the most basic need for the rural population, a need that resulted from the discriminatory practices of the past regime.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 56
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The aim of the Act was to provide for the establishment of group areas and for the control of the acquisition of immoveable property and the occupation of land and premises.38”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The aim of land restitution was to restore land to South Africans dispossessed by discriminatory legislation and practices since 1913.64”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 56
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the Act did provide for exceptions where it would not be unlawful for a person to occupy land or premises if the person is a bona fide servant or employee of the state; or is a bona fide visitor for a total of not more than ninety days in any”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Section 13 of the Act prohibits the acquisition of immovable property in a controlled area, while section 20 placed restrictions on the occupation of land in a controlled area.47”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Act shows numerous similarities with the Group Areas Act of 1950 and also established three groups for the purposes of the Act: white, Bantu 46 and coloured groups.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The RDP envisaged 60 a dramatic land reform programme to transfer land from the inefficient, debtridden, ecologically-damaging and white-dominated large farm sector to all those who wish to produce incomes through farming in a more sustainable agricultural system.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 56
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The land reform programme (as envisaged by the RDP) is aimed at encouraging the use of land for agricultural purposes and providing productive land in order to raise income and productivity.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 56
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In order to effectively address the issues of inequality, poverty and landlessness caused by the”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 56
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58]
- Not checked yetcites [59]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As a result of the discriminatory practices of the past, the majority of South Africans had been dispossessed of their land and in instances forcibly removed and relocated.66”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 56
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The reform programme is based on the redistribution of land to those who need it, but cannot afford it and on restitution for those who were deprived of their land due to the system of apartheid.61”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 56
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to eradicate poverty the basic needs of those disadvantaged by apartheid needed to be addressed.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 66
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Government committed itself to a land reform programme where, with specific reference to redistribution, it would not intervene in the land market.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although land reform aims to contribute to economic development, both by providing beneficiaries with the opportunity to engage in productive land use and by increasing employment opportunities through encouraging greater investment, Department of Land Affairs White Paper para 4.7.1.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 4 Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Department of Land Affairs White Paper para 4.7.1
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the White Paper on Land Policy, 1997 70 was erected in contravention of the Act.For a discussion of this Act, see Lewis 1989 SAJHR 233-239; O'Regan 1989 SAJHR 361-394.67 ANC Basic Guide para 2.4.13.The issue of land restitution was confirmed in s 25(7) of the Constitution in terms of which”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 66
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70]
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the RDP has been successful in other areas, where millions of black South Africans have gained access to clean running water, housing and electricity (Harsch 2001 Africa Recovery 14).”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 66
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harsch 2001 Africa Recovery 14
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Borras 2006 Journal of Agrarian Change 74-75 is of the opinion that instances where current owners of land are paid 100% of the market value while buyers shoulder 100% of the acquisition cost cannot be described as true redistributive land reform.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Borras 2006 Journal of Agrarian Change 74-75
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Based on this reality, the aim of the White Paper was meant to provide an overall platform for land reform consisting of three principal components: restitution, redistribution and tenure reform -the same three pillars as identified in the RDP.74”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The White Paper was responsible for establishing the overall land reform policy and it addressed inter alia the injustices caused by racially-based land dispossessions, unequal land ownership, and the need for the sustainable use of land.72”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Department of Land Affairs White Paper para 2.1
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The programme identified the eradication of poverty as its most important challenge.69”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 66
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the land reform programme has had limited success and further legislative interventions, such as forced expropriations, might become necessary.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 4 Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“without a programme of state support and targeted intervention, land reform will not be possible and that [t]he long-term success and sustainability of the land reform programme is to a large extent dependent on the ability of potential beneficiaries to be able to access the programme easily, and to have a clear understanding of what assistance they can get from government.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These needs were to be addressed inter alia through programmes of land reform and land redistribution, as well as the development of human resources.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 66
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“to restore land and provide other restitutionary remedies to people dispossessed by racially discriminatory legislation and price, in such a way as to provide support to the vital process of reconciliation, reconstruction and development.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Forced removals in support of racial segregation have caused enormous suffering and hardship in South Africa and no settlement of land issues can be reached without addressing such historical injustices.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Department of Land Affairs White Paper para 3.17
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Reconstruction and Development Programme represented a very important first step in post-apartheid South Africa en route to initiating change and addressing the injustices of the past.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 66
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The White Paper 77 recognised the reality that it had limited fiscal resources to finance the land reform programme, and that the land reform budget is competing with other budgetary priorities such as housing, health care and education.78”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77]
- Not checked yetcites [78]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Viability and sustainability are central to any successful land reform programme.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“With reference to redistribution, the White Paper 79 stated that the purpose of the land redistribution programme is to provide the poor with access to land for residential and productive uses, in order to improve their income and quality of life.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this regard a Green Paper was not released, and accordingly the White Paper on Land Policy, 1997 cannot be described as a true White Paper that went through normal administrative processes.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This passage underlines the critical importance of post-settlement support for the success and sustainability of the land reform programme.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The major cause for the unproductive use of land is a lack of financial and institutional support from government to land reform beneficiaries.
In the paper
“Viability and sustainability of projects must be ensured by giving attention to: the economic and social viability of intended land use; fiscal sustainability by the local authority; environmental sustainability; proximity and access to markets and employment; availability of water and bulk infrastructure.”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 3.3 The White Paper on Land Policy, 1997
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Enabling forced expropriations requires an amendment to the Constitution.
“However, in order to enable forced expropriations an amendment to the Constitution will be required”
The paper relies on this without support.
The major cause for the unproductive use of land is a lack of financial and institutional support from government to land reform beneficiaries.
“In the most instances the major cause for the unproductive use of land is a lack of financial and institutional support from government to land reform beneficiaries.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In South Africa, as in many former settler colonies, the democratic government inherited a profoundly unequal land ownership structure, with over 80% of agricultural land historically controlled by a white minority (Binswanger and Deininger, 1995; Kloppers and Pienaar, 2014).”
From Over three decades of land distribution in South Africa: a review of progress, challenges and prospects (2026) · cites this paper as Kloppers and Pienaar, 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 2.2 The Native Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936
“The Act abolished individual land ownership by black people and introduced trust tenure through the creation of the South African Development Trust”
§ THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND EARLY POLICIES > 4 Conclusion
“Natives were entitled in terms of ss 11(1) and 18(2) of the Act to purchase, lease or otherwise acquire land in scheduled areas”
Citations
Cites
'Willing buyer, willing seller': South Africa's failed experiment in market-led agrarian reform
Lahiff, E. (2007) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436590701637417 · Cited by 163
Market-led agrarian reform: policies, performance and prospects
Lahiff, E., Borras, S. M., & Kay, C. (2007) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436590701637318 · Cited by 99
The 1913 Natives Land Act in South Africa: Politics, Race, and Segregation in the Early 20th Century
Feinberg, H. M. (1993) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/219187 · Cited by 84
Land restitution, social justice and development in South Africa
Mostert, H. (2002) · Cited by 35
Restructuring or reconciliation? South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme*
Turok, I. N. (1995) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.1995.tb00506.x · Cited by 17
The RDP and a Structural Problem in the South African Economy
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South African human rights and labour law yearbook
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Rationales for Rural Land Redistribution in South Africa
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Land and Liberation: Lessons for the Creation of Effective Land Reform Policy in South Africa
Claxton, H. (2003) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 5
Restitutionary Road: Reflecting on Good Governance and the Role of the Land Claims Court
Pienaar, J. (2017) · Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad · doi:10.17159/1727-3781/2011/v14i3a2575 · Cited by 3
Restitutionary Road: Reflecting on Good Governance and the Role of the Land Claims Court
Pienaar, J. (2011) · Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad · doi:10.4314/pelj.v14i3.3 · Cited by 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kaziboni, A. (2024) · Water History · doi:10.1007/s12685-024-00339-4 · Cited by 11
Paradza, P., & Zulch, B. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2026.1748906 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kloppers, H., & Pienaar, G.
- Venue
- Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad
- Publisher
- Academy of Science of South Africa
- Published
- 2014-08-29
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 676
- ISSN
- 1727-3781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3124684330
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- nl
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Land Rights and Reforms
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal Issues in South Africa
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › African studies and sociopolitical issues
- Keywords
- land reform, racial discrimination, land ownership, apartheid, South Africa
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