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In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Clove and Ginger Aqueous Extracts against Feline Calicivirus, a Surrogate for Human Norovirus
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Foodborne viruses, particularly human norovirus, are a concern for public health, especially in fresh vegetables and other minimally processed foods that may not undergo sufficient decontamination. It is necessary to explore novel nonthermal techniques for preventing foodborne viral contamination. In this study, aqueous extracts of six raw food materials (flower buds of clove, fenugreek seeds, garlic and onion bulbs, ginger rhizomes, and jalapeño peppers) were tested for antiviral activity against feline calicivirus (FCV) as a surrogate for human norovirus. The antiviral assay was performed using dilutions of the extracts below the maximum nontoxic concentrations of the extracts to the host cells of FCV, Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells. No antiviral effect was seen when the host cells were pretreated with any of the extracts. However, pretreatment of FCV with nondiluted clove and ginger extracts inactivated 6.0 and 2.7 log of the initial titer of the virus, respectively. Also, significant dosedependent inactivation of FCV was seen when host cells were treated with clove and ginger extracts at the time of infection or postinfection at concentrations equal to or lower than the maximum nontoxic concentrations. By comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, eugenol (29.5%) and R-(-)-1,2-propanediol (10.7%) were identified as the major components of clove and ginger extracts, respectively. The antiviral effect of the pure eugenol itself was tested; it showed antiviral activity similar to that of clove extract, albeit at a lower level, which indicates that some other clove extract constituents, along with eugenol, are responsible for inactivation of FCV. These results showed that the aqueous extracts of clove and ginger hold promise for prevention of foodborne viral contamination.
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“For this reason, the application of CEO in the process of washing fruits and vegetables eliminates any viral load that may exist. In addition, the application of CEO in cleaning wipes allows the decontamination of surfaces [113].”
From Clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction, chemical composition, food applications, and essential bioactivity for human health (2021) · cites this paper as [113]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Aboubakr, H. A., Nauertz, A., Luong, N. T., Agrawal, S., El-Sohaimy, S. A. A., Youssef, M. M., & Goyal, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Alexandria University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Goyal, Sagar M.
- Venue
- Journal of Food Protection
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1001-1012
- ISSN
- 0362-028X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2413658938
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Food Protection (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
- Ministère de l'Education Nationale, de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Inactivation Methods
- Keywords
- feline calicivirus, clove extract, ginger extract, antiviral activity, eugenol, propylene glycol, non-thermal food preservation, food contact materials, fenugreek seeds, jalapeño
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antiviral Agents, Cats, Cell Line, Humans, Calicivirus, Feline, Zingiber officinale, Syzygium, Norovirus
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