Probing Understanding
Abstract
This work aims to provide teachers at all levels and in all subjects with a greater range of practical methods for probing their students' understanding. These probes are presented in the manner of a starting set, to act as a stimulus to invention, rather than as a comprehensive list.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
White and Gunstone (2014) suggested that learners should initially hypothesize and develop their own solutions and viewpoints, then validate their assumptions through observation and analysis.
“White and Gunstone (2014) underscored the importance of prediction in knowledge acquisition, suggesting that learners should initially hypothesize and develop their own solutions and viewpoints, then validate their assumptions through observation and analysis.”
From Empowering ChatGPT with Guidance Mechanism in Blended Learning: Effect of Self-Regulated Learning, Higher-Order Thinking Skills, and Knowledge Construction (2024) · cites this paper as White and Gunstone (2014)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Development of system thinking skills in the context of earth system education
Assaraf, O. B., & Orion, N. (2005) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.20061 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Lee, H.-Y., Chen, P.-H., Wang, W.-S., Huang, Y.-M., & Wu, T.-T. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00447-4 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“Moreover, by expressing their initial reasoning and iteratively refining their understanding, students experience a form of inquiry-based learning that is pivotal for higher education (Pedaste et al., 2015; White & Gunstone, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodBowker, R., & Tearle, P. (2007) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-007-9025-0 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Design of Science Process Skill-Based Intertextual Learning on Reaction Kinetics Concept
Fatihah, J. A., Widhiyanti, T., Mulyani, S., Wiji, W., & Yuliani, G. (2022) · JTK (Jurnal Tadris Kimiya) · doi:10.15575/jtk.v7i2.20883 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In addition, worksheets can serve to write down students' initial understanding and observations, if observations are not written down during teacher activities, some students will change their observations because of listening to what others claim to have seen (White & Gunstone, 2014).”
From Obstacle to Catalyst: A Narrative Review of Learning from Errors in Science Education
Fabre-Mitjans, N., Jiménez-Valverde, G., Viciana, S., & Crespo i Torres, F. (2026) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia6090192
- Authors
- White, R., & Gunstone, R.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2014-04-23
- OpenAlex
- W4237586325
- Cited by
- 894
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 86.33
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Pedagogy
- Social Sciences › Education › Science Education and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- classroom assessment, formative assessment, student thinking, questioning strategies, teacher practices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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