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The Language of Hate: A Corpus Linguistic Analysis of White Supremacist Language
Abstract
In this book, Andrew Brindle analyzes a corpus of texts taken from a white supremacist web forum which refer to the subject of homosexuality, drawing conclusions about the discourses of extremism and the dissemination of far-right hate speech online. The website from which Brindle’s corpus is drawn, Stormfront, has been described as the most powerful active influence in the White Nationalist movement (Kim 2005). Through a linguistic analysis of the data combining corpus linguistic methodologies and a critical discourse analysis approach, Brindle examines the language used to construct heterosexual, white masculinities, as well as posters’ representations of gay men, racial minorities and other out-groups, and how such groups are associated by the in-group. Brindle applies three types of analysis to the corpus: a corpus-driven approach centered on the study of frequency, keywords, collocation and concordance analyses; a detailed qualitative study of posts from the forum and the threads in which they are located; and a corpus-based approach which combines the corpus linguistic and qualitative analyses. The analysis of the data demonstrates a convergence of reactionary responses to not only women, gay men and lesbians, but also to racial minorities. Brindle’s findings suggest that due to the forum format of the data, topics are discussed and negotiated rather than dictated unilaterally as would be the case in a hierarchical organization. This research-based study of white supremacist discourse on the Internet facilitates understanding of hate speech and the behavior of extremist groups, with the aim of providing tools to combat elements of extremism and intolerance in society.
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“The topos of threat is common to both homophobia and transphobia (Lillian, 2005; Brindle, 2016; Colliver et al., 2019; Konopka et al., 2019; Baider, 2018, 2025).”
From “Real men in the battlefield”: a hybrid AI–discourse analysis of online homophobia and transphobia (2026) · cites this paper as Brindle, 2016
Citations
Cited by
Alatawi, H. S., Alhothali, A., & Moria, K. M. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100435 · Cited by 121
“, the art of effective and compositional techniques for writing and speaking) [29] in their language.”
BackgroundLanguage and Masculinities: History, Development, and Future
Lawson, R. (2020) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011650 · Cited by 55
Carvalho, P., Caled, D., Silva, C., Batista, F., & Ribeiro, R. (2023) · Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict · doi:10.1075/jlac.00085.car · Cited by 24
Baider, F. H., & Constantinou, M. (2020) · Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict · doi:10.1075/jlac.00040.bai · Cited by 21
The discourse of the US alt-right online – a case study of the Traditionalist Worker Party blog
Lorenzo-Dus, N., & Nouri, L. (2020) · Critical Discourse Studies · doi:10.1080/17405904.2019.1708763 · Cited by 19
“Notable exceptions, focusing on online contexts, include analysis of the white supremacist website Stormfront.org (Baumgarten, 2017; Brindle, 2016a) and of the language of Trump’s supporters and their denial of racism on the social media platform Reddit (Subtirelu, 2017).”
BackgroundLGBTQ+ and Feminist Digital Activism
Zottola, A. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009122962 · Cited by 16
What’s hate got to do with it? Right-wing movements and the hate stereotype
Tetrault, J. E. C. (2019) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392119842257 · Cited by 16
“…genocide is ‘mass hate’ (Kressel, 2002; see also Brudholm and Johansen, 2018), domestic terrorism is ‘organized hate crime’ (Ronczkowski, 2004), bigotry is ‘hate language’ (Brindle, 2016) – or ‘cyber hate’ and ‘viral hate’ when on the Internet (Awan and Blakemore, 2012; Foxman and Wolf, 2013).”
Le discours de haine dissimulée : le mépris pour humilier
Baider, F. H. (2019) · Déviance et Société · doi:10.3917/ds.433.0359 · Cited by 22
Marko, K. (2020) · Critical Discourse Studies · doi:10.1080/17405904.2020.1779765 · Cited by 7
“Hodsdon-Champeon (2010), for instance, has also found the reliance on intertextual references for strengthening belief systems to be common, while Brindle (2016) has identified strategies that aim at establishing in- and out-group identities through the creation of both (pervceived) inequality and…”
BackgroundCohen, S. J., Holt, T. J., Chermak, S. M., & Freilich, J. D. (2018) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2017.0072 · Cited by 7
“This strictly gendered view of social identity and roles is commonly found in right-wing authoritarian movements (Bjørgo 2014; Blee 2002; in CMCs: Anahita 2006; Brindle 2016; McNamee et al. 2010; Schafer 2002).”
Quinn, F., & Vaughan, E. (2019) · Critical Discourse Studies · doi:10.1080/17405904.2019.1568895 · Cited by 6
“Partington (2012) explores what is a diachronic corpus-based study of discourses of anti-Semitism in the UK press, while Brindle (2016a, 2016b) uses a blend of corpus linguistic methodology and discourse analysis to investigate the language used on the official website and Facebook page of the…”
BackgroundHate Speech in sozialen Medien: Ein Forschungsüberblick aus Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft
Jaki, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65964-9_2 · Cited by 5
Frames and Triggers of Extreme Speech: The Case of Transphobia
Baider, F. H. (2025) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.9379 · Cited by 4
Hathaway, Y. (2021) · Corpus Pragmatics · doi:10.1007/s41701-021-00101-8 · Cited by 4
“However, the frequency of a collocation alone need not indicate its discourse significance (Brindle, 2016: 46).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential9. Studying soft hate speech online
Serafis, D., & Wildfeuer, J. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0447.09 · Cited by 3
Emotion analysis in socially unacceptable discourse
Franza, J., Evkoski, B., & Fišer, D. (2022) · Slovenščina 2 0 empirične aplikativne in interdisciplinarne raziskave · doi:10.4312/slo2.0.2022.1.1-22 · Cited by 3
Corpus Analysis of Political Language
Partington, A., & Johnson, J. H. (2020) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0250.pub2 · Cited by 3
Williams, C. P., & Stebbins, T. N. (2023) · Corpora · doi:10.3366/cor.2023.0273 · Cited by 2
Comparison of Classification Techniques for Extremism Detection in French Social Media
Dragos, V., & Constable, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION) · doi:10.23919/fusion52260.2023.10224162 · Cited by 2
The C.O.N.T.A.C.T. Methodological Approach
Assimakopoulos, S., Baider, F. H., & Millar, S. (2017) · SpringerBriefs in linguistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72604-5_2 · Cited by 2
The use of hyperlinking as evidential practice in Danish online hate speech
Millar, S., Nielsen, R. G., Lindø, A. V., & Geyer, K. (2020) · Pragmatics and Society · doi:10.1075/ps.18070.mil · Cited by 2
Liu, T. (2021) · Studies in corpus linguistics · doi:10.1075/scl.102.08liu · Cited by 2
Where is the Love? White Nationalist Discourse on Hip-hop
Rivers, D. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59244-2_5 · Cited by 2
Wu, Y. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7724-4_6 · Cited by 2
Feher, M., & Forjan, J. (2023) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2023.2170304 · Cited by 1
“Homophobic opinions and beliefs are (re)produced through discourse, which always seeks to exclude the out-group, the Other, that is constructed as negative in opposition to the positive in-group (Brindle, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialBuilding and Analysing an Online Hate Speech Corpus: The NETLANG Experience and Beyond
Ermida, I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38248-2_1 · Cited by 1
Zaikovskii, M. (2025) · Journal of Language and Sexuality · doi:10.1075/jls.00040.zai · Cited by 1
“Real men in the battlefield”: a hybrid AI–discourse analysis of online homophobia and transphobia
Baider, F., & Mesaritou, O. (2026) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2026.1748828
The Phrase “Krivorazbrana Tolerantnost” in Bulgarian Maternity Forum Communication
Todorova, B. (2020) · East European Journal of Psycholinguistics · doi:10.29038/eejpl.2020.7.1.tod
“These attitudes have attracted the attention of a large number of discourse-oriented researchers (Wodak & Reisigl, 2001, Tateo, 2008; Dijk 2015; Brindle, 2016; Musolf, 2017, etc.).”
BackgroundNews Discourse and Relevant Linguistic Studies
Wu, Y. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7724-4_2
Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis: Data and Research Methods
Wu, Y. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7724-4_3
Thematic Content Analysis of Right-Wing Radical Communities in Social Media
Shchekotin, E. V. (2024) · Virtual Communication and Social Networks · doi:10.21603/2782-4799-2024-3-4-395-403
CORPUS-BASED PHILOSOPHY AND METAMODERNISM: A HAPPY ENCOUNTER?
Ilin, I. (2024) · The Journal of V N Karazin Kharkiv National University Series Philosophy Philosophical Peripeteias · doi:10.26565/2226-0994-2024-70-4
Linguistic Analysis of Online Criminal Communications
Schneevogt, D., & Chiang, E. (2025) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal20551
A conspiracy of cats: The curious case of the litterbox lie
Nault, C. J. (2025) · Feminist Theory · doi:10.1177/14647001251376303
Leonardis, F. D. (2026) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/09579265261437642
Discourse Analysis Using Corpus-Assisted Methodologies
Partington, A., & Marchi, A. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009477888.011
Metadata
- Authors
- Brindle, A.
- Corresponding author
- Brindle, Andrew
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2016-05-20
- OpenAlex
- W4234459705
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Cultural and political discourse analysis
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- white supremacy, hate speech, Stormfront, online forums, online discourse, counter-extremism
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