The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 3 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social Structure and Anomie
Abstract
This chapter suggests that certain phases of social structure generate the circumstances in which infringement of social codes constitutes a "normal" response. Whatever the sentiments of the writer or reader concerning the ethical desirability of coordinating the means-and-goals phases of the social structure, one must agree that lack of such coordination leads to anomie. The American stress on pecuniary success and ambitiousness for all thus invites exaggerated anxieties, hostilities, neuroses and antisocial behavior. "The-end-justifies-the-means" doctrine becomes a guiding tenet for action when the cultural structure unduly exalts the end and the social organization unduly limits possible recourse to approved means. The lack of high integration between the means and-end elements of the cultural pattern and the particular class structure combine to favor a heightened frequency of antisocial conduct in such groups. A stable social structure demands a balanced distribution of affect among its various segments.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Merton argues that deviant behavior is not primarily the product of biologically derived impulses breaking through social control, but a "normal" response generated by certain phases of social structure. Anomie arises when a culture disproportionately emphasizes success-goals while the institutionalized means for attaining them are unequally distributed.
Key findings
- Social structure has two analytically separable elements — culturally defined goals and the institutionalized norms regulating acceptable means — and these vary independently; the limiting case of goal-emphasis is one where "the range of alternative procedures is limited only by technical rather than institutional considerations."
- Five logically possible modes of individual adaptation are derived from acceptance/rejection of goals and means: Conformity (+/+), Innovation (+/−), Ritualism (−/+), Retreatism (−/−), and Rebellion (±/±). Conformity is "the most common and widely diffused"; Retreatism is the least common.
- Innovation (e.g., crime, vice) occurs when the cultural emphasis on success is assimilated without equally internalizing the norms governing means — illustrated by Lohman's analysis of vice in Chicago's near north side, where conventional occupational opportunities were "almost completely limited to manual labor."
- Poverty alone does not produce high crime rates: "Only insofar as poverty and associated disadvantages in competition for the culture values approved for all members of the society is linked with the assimilation of a cultural emphasis on monetary accumulation as a symbol of success is antisocial conduct a 'normal' outcome." Hence poverty is less correlated with crime in southeastern Europe than in the United States.
Methods
- Theoretical/conceptual essay, not an empirical study. It constructs an analytical scheme of interdependent variables (culture goals, institutional norms, class structure) and derives ideal types of social orders and modes of adaptation.
- Evidence is illustrative and drawn from secondary sources: Lohman's participant-observer study of Chicago vice areas, the Lynds' *Middletown in Transition*, Taussig and Joslyn on business leaders, and comparative observations on crime and poverty in the U.S. versus southeastern Europe.
- Analysis proceeds by logical derivation of the five adaptations and by reasoning about which structural conditions (differential access to legitimate means plus shared success-symbols) predispose toward each.
Limitations
- Stated by the paper: the treatment is "brief" and "incomplete" — it does not exhaustively treat structural elements predisposing toward one response over another; it neglects (without denying) factors determining the specific incidence of responses; it omits consideration of the social functions of illicit responses; it has not tested the scheme's explanatory power against a large number of group variations; it has not adequately dealt with rebellious conduct seeking radical refashioning of the social framework; and it has not examined cultural conflict in culture-goal/institutional-means malintegration.
- Evident from the text: the argument is programmatic and unaccompanied by original data or statistical tests; the empirical support is borrowed from other studies and from comparative assertions that are not systematically documented. The paper also explicitly abstracts from biological and personality factors, so it cannot account for individual-level incidence.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
33 Own interpretation · 3 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Poverty as such, and consequent limitation of opportunity, are not sufficient to induce a conspicuously high rate of criminal behavior.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The emphasis upon certain goals may vary independently of the degree of emphasis upon institutional means.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Lohman has shown that specialized areas of vice in the near north side of Chicago constitute a “normal” response to a situation where the cultural emphasis upon pecuniary success has been absorbed, but where there is little access to conventional and legitimate means for attaining such success.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lohman
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we shall see, certain aspects of the social structure may generate countermores and antisocial behavior precisely because of differential emphases on goals and regulations.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of high integration between the meansand-end elements of the cultural pattern and the particular class structure combine to favor a heightened frequency of antisocial conduct in such groups.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fraud, corruption, vice, crime, in short, the entire catalogue of proscribed behavior, becomes increasingly common when the emphasis on the culturally induced success-goal becomes divorced from a coordinated institutional emphasis.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given our cultural stigmatization of manual labor, and its correlate, the prestige of white collar work, it is clear that the result is a strain toward innovational practices.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The social order we have described necessarily produces this “strain toward dissolution.””
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, poverty is less highly correlated with crime in southeastern Europe than in the United States.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sorokin
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An effective equilibrium between the two phases of the social structure is maintained as long as satisfactions accrue to individuals who conform to both constraints”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
- It may state two separate claims as one. 5
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rebellion occurs when emancipation from the reigning standards, due to frustration or to marginalist perspectives, leads to the attempt to introduce a “new social order.””
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the extreme, predictability virtually disappears and what; may be properly termed cultural chaos or anomie intervenes.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Be it noted that where frustration derives from the inaccessibility of effective institutional means for attaining economic or any other type of highly valued “success,” that Adaptations II, III and V (innovation, ritualism and rebellion)'are also possible. The result will be determined by the particular personality, and thus, the particular cultural background, involved.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Every social group invariably couples its scale of desired ends with moral or institutional regulation of permissible and required procedures for attaining these ends.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the extreme case, the latter may be so vitiated by the goal-emphasis that the range of behavior is limited only by considerations of technical expediency.”
- Also stated in: § ROBeRt K. MeRtoN Harvard University · p. 2 · plain
“As this process continues, the integration of the society becomes tenuous and anomie ensues.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § ROBeRt K. MeRtoN Harvard University · p. 2 · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second polar type is found in groups where activities originally conceived as instrumental are transmuted into ends in themselves. The original purposes are forgotten and ritualistic adherence to institutionally prescribed conduct becomes virtually obsessive.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The consequences of such structural inconsistency are psychopathological personality, and/or antisocial conduct, and/or revolutionary activities.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we have seen, this adjustment occurs when the individual has assimilated the cultural emphasis on success without equally internalizing the morally prescribed norms governing means for its attainment.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is unlikely that interiorized norms are completely eliminated. Whatever residuum persists will induce personality tensions and conflict.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This mode of “adjustment” occurs, as far as structural sources are concerned, when both the culture goals and institutionalized procedures have been assimilated thoroughly by the individual and imbued with affect and high positive value, but where those institutionalized procedures which promise a measure of successful attainment of the goals are not available to the individual.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The limiting case in this direction is reached when the range of alternative procedures is limited only by technical rather than institutional considerations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dominant pressure of group standards of success is, therefore, on the gradual attenuation of legitimate, but by and large ineffective, strivings and the increasing use of illegitimate, but more or less effective, expedients of vice and crime.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The individual's subjective evaluation of the situation is a major determinant of the response.
“Manifestly, these objective changes are not alone significant; the individual's subjective evaluation of the situation is a major determinant of the response.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The same body of success-symbols is held to be desirable for all.
“The same body of success-symbols is held to be desirable for all.”
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 3,726
The individual and society in Durkheim
Bowring, F. (2015) · European Journal of Social Theory · doi:10.1177/1368431015585042 · Cited by 39
Positive Deviance Traits and Social Entrepreneurship for Women Empowerment Amid COVID-19
Kumari, G., & Eguruze, E. S. (2021) · IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review · doi:10.1177/22779752211030697 · Cited by 39
Pursuing Hegemonic Masculinity Through Violence: An Examination of Anti-Homeless Bias Homicides
Allison, K., & Klein, B. R. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518821459 · Cited by 39
Assessing general strain theory and measures of victimization, 2002–2018
Barbieri, N., Clipper, S. J., Narvey, C. S., Rude, A., Craig, J. M., & Piquero, N. L. (2019) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.06.005 · Cited by 39
Developmental Criminology and the Crime Decline
Payne, J., & Piquero, A. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108882149 · Cited by 39
Violent criminal behavior: Is there a general and continuing influence of the South?
McCall, P. L., Kenneth, C., & Cohen, L. E. (1992) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/0049-089x(92)90009-6 · Cited by 38
Values and Antisocial Behavior Among Spanish Adolescents
Romero, E., Sobral, J., Luengo, M. A., & Marzoa, J. A. (2001) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221320109597879 · Cited by 38
Identity Salience and Identity Importance in Identity Theory
Morris, R. (2013) · Cited by 38
Jang, Y., Chiriboga, D. A., & Becker, M. A. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1526-9_18 · Cited by 38
Villarreal, A. (2004) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/421724 · Cited by 38
Roberts, K. (2013) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.2650 · Cited by 38
The Role of Exposure to Media Violence in the Etiology of Violent Behavior
Savage, J. (2008) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764207312016 · Cited by 38
The Local Spillover Effect of Corporate Accounting Misconduct: Evidence from City Crime Rates
Holzman, E. R., Miller, B. P., & Williams, B. (2018) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12659 · Cited by 38
Miethe, T. D., Lieberman, J. D., Heen, M. S. J., & Sousa, W. H. (2019) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016819846241 · Cited by 38
Revisiting Patriarchy: Its Conceptualization and Operationalization in Criminology
Ogle, R. S., & Batton, C. (2009) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-009-9081-0 · Cited by 38
Illicit arms trafficking and the limits of rational choice theory: the case of the Balkans
Arsovska, J., & Kostakos, P. (2008) · Trends in Organized Crime · doi:10.1007/s12117-008-9052-y · Cited by 38
Robert Merton's Contributions to the Sociology of Deviance
Rosenfeld, R. (1989) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.1989.tb00120.x · Cited by 38
Perceived Corruption, Trust, and Interviewer Behavior in 26 European Countries
Blasius, J., & Thiessen, V. (2018) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124118782554 · Cited by 38
Post-prison Employment Quality and Future Criminal Justice Contact
LaBriola, J. (2020) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2020.6.1.07 · Cited by 38
The Dialectical Method: Its Application to Social Theory
Ball, R. A. (1979) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/57.3.785 · Cited by 38
The demise of the criminological imagination: A critique of recent criminology
Williams, F. P. (1984) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418828400088051 · Cited by 37
Soziale Integration und Politische Institutionen in Modernen Gesellschaften
Fuchs, D. (1999) · Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. Sonderheft · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-83345-7_7 · Cited by 37
Making Sociology Relevant: The Assignment and Application of Breaching Experiments
Rafalovich, A. (2006) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.1177/0092055x0603400206 · Cited by 37
DEVIANCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUBUNITS: THE CASE OF COLLEGE ATHLETIC DEPARTMENTS
Frey, J. H. (1994) · Journal of Sport and Social Issues · doi:10.1177/019372394018002002 · Cited by 37
Shared Struggles? Cumulative Strain Theory and Public Mass Murderers From 1990 to 2014
Silver, J., Horgan, J., & Gill, P. (2018) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767918802881 · Cited by 37
The argument for studying race and crime
Lafree, G. D., & Russell, K. K. (1993) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511259300086141 · Cited by 37
Order, stability, and change in Afghanistan: from top-down to bottom-up state-making
Wilde, A., & Mielke, K. (2013) · Central Asian Survey · doi:10.1080/02634937.2013.843309 · Cited by 37
Hermanowicz, J. C. (2015) · The American Sociologist · doi:10.1007/s12108-015-9285-6 · Cited by 37
A Review of Class-Based Theories of Student Resistance in Education
McGrew, K. (2011) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654311402358 · Cited by 37
Harris, A. R. (1975) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094448 · Cited by 37
Legitimate and illegitimate consumer complaining behavior: a review and taxonomy
Arora, S. D., & Chakraborty, A. (2020) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-12-2019-0490 · Cited by 37
Deterrence: Testing the Effects of Perceived Sanction Certainty on Probation Violations
Maxwell, S. R., & Gray, M. K. (2000) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2000.tb00901.x · Cited by 37
Adolescent exposure to violence and adult illicit drug use
Menard, S., Covey, H. C., & Franzese, R. J. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.006 · Cited by 37
Compassion: Use it or lose it?
Nijboer, A., & van der Cingel, M. (2018) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2018.11.006 · Cited by 37
An Exploration of Factors Affecting Work Anomia
Tsahuridu, E. (2010) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0655-2 · Cited by 37
Post‐offence characteristics of 19th‐century American parricides: An archival exploration
Shon, P., & Roberts, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling · doi:10.1002/jip.85 · Cited by 36
Latent functions of the sick role in various institutional settings
Waitzkin, H. B. (1971) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/0037-7856(71)90108-9 · Cited by 36
ATTITUDES TOWARD DELINQUENCY BY DELINQUENTS, NON-DELINQUENTS AND THEIR FRIENDS
MORRIS, R. R. (1965) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048845 · Cited by 36
A Conceptual Interdisciplinary Plug-and-Play Cyber Security Framework
Choo, K. R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7439-6_6 · Cited by 36
The Individual Point of View: Learning From Bourdieu’s The Weight of the World
Couldry, N. (2005) · Culture Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/1532708604268221 · Cited by 36
Kim, J., Shim, H. S., & Hay, C. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104781 · Cited by 36
Investigating the Interdependence of Strain and Self-Control
Peter, T., LaGrange, T. C., & Silverman, R. A. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale · doi:10.3138/cjccj.45.4.431 · Cited by 36
Social Control and the Gang: Lessons from the Legalization of Street Gangs in Ecuador
Brotherton, D. C., & Gude, R. (2020) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-020-09505-5 · Cited by 36
Phillips, M. D. (2012) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/0022042612456017 · Cited by 36
Delinquency Research in the Nordic Countries
Kivivuori, J., & Bernburg, J. G. (2011) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/658890 · Cited by 36
Greene, T. (2008) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/0896920507084628 · Cited by 36
From Psychological Strain to Disconnectedness
Zhang, J. (2016) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000420 · Cited by 36
Trinidad, J. E. (2019) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2019.01.004 · Cited by 36
Pinto, I. R., Marques, J. M., & Páez, D. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430215577225 · Cited by 36
Harris, G., & Vermaak, C. (2015) · South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences · doi:10.17159/2222-3436/2015/v18n1a4 · Cited by 36
Self-fulfilling Prophecy in Practical and Automated Prediction
King, O. C., & Mertens, M. (2023) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-022-10359-9 · Cited by 36
Loggen, J., Moneva, A., & Leukfeldt, R. (2023) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105858 · Cited by 36
Inklusion und Exklusion in der Weltgesellschaft – Am Beispiel der Schule und des Erziehungssystems
Stichweh, R. (2007) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90627-0_5 · Cited by 35
Chauvel, L., Leist, A. K., & Ponomarenko, V. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158538 · Cited by 35
The most‐cited scholars and works in police studies
Wright, R. A., & Miller, J. M. (1998) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639519810220154 · Cited by 35
A “Scientific Revolution”: Sociological Theory in the United States, 1930–1945
Kuklick, H. (1973) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.1973.tb01147.x · Cited by 35
Part-Time Work and Deviance among High-School Seniors
Tanner, J., & Krahn, H. J. (1991) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3340678 · Cited by 35
School Rampage in International Perspective: The Salience of Cumulative Strain Theory
Madfis, E., & Levin, J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5526-4_4 · Cited by 35
The MOS Alienation Scale: An alternative to Srole's Anomia Scale
Travis, R. P. (1993) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01086717 · Cited by 35
Social Capital, Crime, and Human Nature
Savage, J., & Satoshi Kanazawa, A. (2002) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986202018002005 · Cited by 35
Kleck, G., & Chiricos, T. (2002) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00969.x · Cited by 35
Toward an Understanding of the Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Stalking
Ngo, F. T., & Paternoster, R. (2013) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128713510077 · Cited by 35
Being Alone Together: From Solidarity to Solitude in Urban Anthropology
Coleman, L. (2009) · Anthropological Quarterly · doi:10.1353/anq.0.0075 · Cited by 35
Bruinsma, G. (2016) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370816667884 · Cited by 35
Collectivism and Individualism in Status Hierarchies: Socialization and Social Identity Explanations
Iacoviello, V., & Lorenzi‐Cioldi, F. (2019) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.285 · Cited by 35
Ladegaard, I. (2017) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/0896920517735670 · Cited by 35
Dolliver, D. S. (2014) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azu092 · Cited by 35
The Importance of Social Support and Coercion to Risk of Impulsivity and Juvenile Offending
Kurtz, D. L., & Zavala, E. (2016) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128716675360 · Cited by 35
Deuchar, R. (2011) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895811425540 · Cited by 35
Childhood economic disadvantage and antisocial behavior: Intervening factors and pathways
Berti, C., & Pivetti, M. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.007 · Cited by 35
The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors
Treviño, L. K., Butterfield, K. D., & McCabe, D. L. (2004) · Research in ethical issues in organizations · doi:10.1016/s1529-2096(01)03018-8 · Cited by 35
Power, Corruption, and the Legal Process in China
Lu, H. S., & Gunnison, E. (2003) · International Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/105756770301300102 · Cited by 34
Hövermann, A., & Messner, S. F. (2019) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1590621 · Cited by 34
Migrant status, social support, and bullying perpetration of children in mainland China
Cui, K., & To, S. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104534 · Cited by 34
“The root of all evil”? An exploratory study of money and delinquent involvement
WRIGHT, J. P., Cullen, F. T., Agnew, R. S., & Brezina, T. (2001) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418820100094891 · Cited by 34
Guide to the Bureau of Applied Social Research.
Horowitz, I. L., & Barton, J. S. (1985) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2071347 · Cited by 34
The great escape: World War II, neo‐Freudianism, and the origins of U.S. psychocultural analysis
Gitre, E. J. K. (2011) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbs.20455 · Cited by 34
Political preferences in times of crisis: Economic voting in the 2011 Polish elections
Kotnarowski, M., & Markowski, R. (2014) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/ap.2014.20 · Cited by 34
Liu, L., Visher, C. A., & O’Connell, D. J. (2019) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128719839376 · Cited by 34
Blackman, S. J. (2010) · British Politics · doi:10.1057/bp.2010.12 · Cited by 34
Hagan, J. L., Peterson, R. D., & Krivo, L. J. (2006) · Cited by 34
The mental hospital as an institution
Brown, G. W., & de Biran, P. M. (1973) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/0037-7856(73)90010-3 · Cited by 34
A Replication and Elaboration of the Esteem-Enhancement Model
Vega, W. A., Apospori, E., Gil, A. G., Zimmerman, R. S., & Warheit, G. J. (1996) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1996.11024755 · Cited by 34
Assessing the impact of social procurement policies for Indigenous people
Denny‐Smith, G., Williams, M., & Loosemore, M. (2020) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2020.1795217 · Cited by 34
Tullock and the welfare costs of corruption: there is a “political Coase Theorem”
Munger, M. C. (2018) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-018-0610-9 · Cited by 34
Social Control Theory as a Theory of Conformity: The Case of Asian/Pacific Drug and Alcohol Nonuse
Nagasawa, R. H., Qian, Z., & Wong, P. (2000) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.2307/1389549 · Cited by 34
Race, Self-Evaluation and the Protestant Ethic
Harris, A. R., & Stokes, R. G. (1978) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800433 · Cited by 34
Beyond ‘bad apples’ and ‘weak leaders’
Monahan, S. C., & Quinn, B. (2006) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480606065911 · Cited by 34
Collaborative Partnerships and Crime in Disorganized Communities
Choi, C. G., & Choi, S. O. (2012) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02498.x · Cited by 34
Race and mass murder in the United States: A social and behavioral analysis
Lankford, A. (2015) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392115617227 · Cited by 34
Social Class and Social Control: An Application of Deterrence Theory
Grasmick, H. G., Jacobs, D. R., & McCollom, C. B. (1983) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/62.2.359 · Cited by 34
Halsey, M. (2016) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azw097 · Cited by 34
Organisational responses to alleged scientific misconduct: Sensemaking, sensegiving, and sensehiding
Horbach, S. P. J. M., Breit, E., & Mamelund, S. (2018) · Science and Public Policy · doi:10.1093/scipol/scy068 · Cited by 34
Spatial Heterogeneity, Social Capital, and Rural Larceny and Burglary
Deller, S. C., & Deller, M. (2012) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00076.x · Cited by 34
Do Boys Fight and Girls Cut? A General Strain Theory Approach to Gender and Deviance
Posick, C., Farrell, A. S., & Swatt, M. L. (2013) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2012.748626 · Cited by 34
Applying criminological theory to academic fraud
Walker, N., & Holtfreter, K. (2015) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/jfc-12-2013-0071 · Cited by 34
Politico-ideological violence: Zooming in on grievances
Ajil, A. (2020) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370819896223 · Cited by 34
Risk Reduction of COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan
Shoaib, M., & Abdullah, F. (2020) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2020.1806172 · Cited by 34
Hannon, L., & DeFina, R. (2005) · Journal of Poverty · doi:10.1300/j134v09n03_03 · Cited by 33
Green, C. (2019) · Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology · doi:10.1007/s40865-019-00106-7 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Merton, R. K.
- Venue
- Gangs
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2017-11-30
- Pages
- 3-13
- OpenAlex
- W2319178948
- Cited by
- 3,694
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 198 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 175
- FWCI
- 955.94
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime, Deviance, and Social Control
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Emile Durkheim and Sociology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- social structure, anomie, means and ends, social codes, antisocial behavior, ambition, anxiety, class structure, social integration, American culture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
