The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 3 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social Structure and Anomie
Abstract
This chapter suggests that certain phases of social structure generate the circumstances in which infringement of social codes constitutes a "normal" response. Whatever the sentiments of the writer or reader concerning the ethical desirability of coordinating the means-and-goals phases of the social structure, one must agree that lack of such coordination leads to anomie. The American stress on pecuniary success and ambitiousness for all thus invites exaggerated anxieties, hostilities, neuroses and antisocial behavior. "The-end-justifies-the-means" doctrine becomes a guiding tenet for action when the cultural structure unduly exalts the end and the social organization unduly limits possible recourse to approved means. The lack of high integration between the means and-end elements of the cultural pattern and the particular class structure combine to favor a heightened frequency of antisocial conduct in such groups. A stable social structure demands a balanced distribution of affect among its various segments.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Merton argues that deviant behavior is not primarily the product of biologically derived impulses breaking through social control, but a "normal" response generated by certain phases of social structure. Anomie arises when a culture disproportionately emphasizes success-goals while the institutionalized means for attaining them are unequally distributed.
Key findings
- Social structure has two analytically separable elements — culturally defined goals and the institutionalized norms regulating acceptable means — and these vary independently; the limiting case of goal-emphasis is one where "the range of alternative procedures is limited only by technical rather than institutional considerations."
- Five logically possible modes of individual adaptation are derived from acceptance/rejection of goals and means: Conformity (+/+), Innovation (+/−), Ritualism (−/+), Retreatism (−/−), and Rebellion (±/±). Conformity is "the most common and widely diffused"; Retreatism is the least common.
- Innovation (e.g., crime, vice) occurs when the cultural emphasis on success is assimilated without equally internalizing the norms governing means — illustrated by Lohman's analysis of vice in Chicago's near north side, where conventional occupational opportunities were "almost completely limited to manual labor."
- Poverty alone does not produce high crime rates: "Only insofar as poverty and associated disadvantages in competition for the culture values approved for all members of the society is linked with the assimilation of a cultural emphasis on monetary accumulation as a symbol of success is antisocial conduct a 'normal' outcome." Hence poverty is less correlated with crime in southeastern Europe than in the United States.
Methods
- Theoretical/conceptual essay, not an empirical study. It constructs an analytical scheme of interdependent variables (culture goals, institutional norms, class structure) and derives ideal types of social orders and modes of adaptation.
- Evidence is illustrative and drawn from secondary sources: Lohman's participant-observer study of Chicago vice areas, the Lynds' *Middletown in Transition*, Taussig and Joslyn on business leaders, and comparative observations on crime and poverty in the U.S. versus southeastern Europe.
- Analysis proceeds by logical derivation of the five adaptations and by reasoning about which structural conditions (differential access to legitimate means plus shared success-symbols) predispose toward each.
Limitations
- Stated by the paper: the treatment is "brief" and "incomplete" — it does not exhaustively treat structural elements predisposing toward one response over another; it neglects (without denying) factors determining the specific incidence of responses; it omits consideration of the social functions of illicit responses; it has not tested the scheme's explanatory power against a large number of group variations; it has not adequately dealt with rebellious conduct seeking radical refashioning of the social framework; and it has not examined cultural conflict in culture-goal/institutional-means malintegration.
- Evident from the text: the argument is programmatic and unaccompanied by original data or statistical tests; the empirical support is borrowed from other studies and from comparative assertions that are not systematically documented. The paper also explicitly abstracts from biological and personality factors, so it cannot account for individual-level incidence.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
33 Own interpretation · 3 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Poverty as such, and consequent limitation of opportunity, are not sufficient to induce a conspicuously high rate of criminal behavior.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The emphasis upon certain goals may vary independently of the degree of emphasis upon institutional means.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Lohman has shown that specialized areas of vice in the near north side of Chicago constitute a “normal” response to a situation where the cultural emphasis upon pecuniary success has been absorbed, but where there is little access to conventional and legitimate means for attaining such success.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lohman
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we shall see, certain aspects of the social structure may generate countermores and antisocial behavior precisely because of differential emphases on goals and regulations.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of high integration between the meansand-end elements of the cultural pattern and the particular class structure combine to favor a heightened frequency of antisocial conduct in such groups.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fraud, corruption, vice, crime, in short, the entire catalogue of proscribed behavior, becomes increasingly common when the emphasis on the culturally induced success-goal becomes divorced from a coordinated institutional emphasis.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given our cultural stigmatization of manual labor, and its correlate, the prestige of white collar work, it is clear that the result is a strain toward innovational practices.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The social order we have described necessarily produces this “strain toward dissolution.””
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, poverty is less highly correlated with crime in southeastern Europe than in the United States.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sorokin
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An effective equilibrium between the two phases of the social structure is maintained as long as satisfactions accrue to individuals who conform to both constraints”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
- It may state two separate claims as one. 5
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rebellion occurs when emancipation from the reigning standards, due to frustration or to marginalist perspectives, leads to the attempt to introduce a “new social order.””
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the extreme, predictability virtually disappears and what; may be properly termed cultural chaos or anomie intervenes.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Be it noted that where frustration derives from the inaccessibility of effective institutional means for attaining economic or any other type of highly valued “success,” that Adaptations II, III and V (innovation, ritualism and rebellion)'are also possible. The result will be determined by the particular personality, and thus, the particular cultural background, involved.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Every social group invariably couples its scale of desired ends with moral or institutional regulation of permissible and required procedures for attaining these ends.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the extreme case, the latter may be so vitiated by the goal-emphasis that the range of behavior is limited only by considerations of technical expediency.”
- Also stated in: § ROBeRt K. MeRtoN Harvard University · p. 2 · plain
“As this process continues, the integration of the society becomes tenuous and anomie ensues.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § ROBeRt K. MeRtoN Harvard University · p. 2 · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second polar type is found in groups where activities originally conceived as instrumental are transmuted into ends in themselves. The original purposes are forgotten and ritualistic adherence to institutionally prescribed conduct becomes virtually obsessive.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The consequences of such structural inconsistency are psychopathological personality, and/or antisocial conduct, and/or revolutionary activities.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we have seen, this adjustment occurs when the individual has assimilated the cultural emphasis on success without equally internalizing the morally prescribed norms governing means for its attainment.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is unlikely that interiorized norms are completely eliminated. Whatever residuum persists will induce personality tensions and conflict.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This mode of “adjustment” occurs, as far as structural sources are concerned, when both the culture goals and institutionalized procedures have been assimilated thoroughly by the individual and imbued with affect and high positive value, but where those institutionalized procedures which promise a measure of successful attainment of the goals are not available to the individual.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The limiting case in this direction is reached when the range of alternative procedures is limited only by technical rather than institutional considerations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dominant pressure of group standards of success is, therefore, on the gradual attenuation of legitimate, but by and large ineffective, strivings and the increasing use of illegitimate, but more or less effective, expedients of vice and crime.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The individual's subjective evaluation of the situation is a major determinant of the response.
“Manifestly, these objective changes are not alone significant; the individual's subjective evaluation of the situation is a major determinant of the response.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The same body of success-symbols is held to be desirable for all.
“The same body of success-symbols is held to be desirable for all.”
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,401–2,500 of 3,726
Community Organization Approaches to the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency
Berger, R. J., & Berger, C. E. (1985) · The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare · doi:10.15453/0191-5096.1694 · Cited by 4
Why People Deviate in Different Ways
Cloward, R. A., & Piven, F. F. (1990) · Critical issues in social justice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3608-0_4 · Cited by 4
Socioeconomic Structure, Self-Fulfillment, Homicides and Spatial Dependence in BrazilPreprint
de Carvalho, A. F., Cerqueira, D. R. D. C., & Lobão, W. J. A. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.774446 · Cited by 4
Differential Adolescent Delinquency Tolerance and the Effect of Race and Gender
Obinyan, E. (2004) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 4
Olsen, J. P. (2004) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4
Analyzing Patterns of Juvenile Delinquency in Turkey: A Multilevel Approach
Eker, A. (2010) · ProQuest Demo Repository · doi:10.13021/mars/5618 · Cited by 4
Where Do Terrorists Come from?Preprint
Ozdogan, A. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.904523 · Cited by 4
Eastin, J. F. (2003) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc4332 · Cited by 4
General Strain Theory and Juvenile Delinquency: A Cross-Cultural Study
Lin, W. (2011) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 4
DIFFERENTIAL INTEGRATION AND JOB RETENTION AMONG EXOFFENDERS
Knox, G. W. (1981) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1981.tb01379.x · Cited by 4
Fraud and Innovation: Is There a Cheater's Discount?
Wang, Y., & Li, J. (2014) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2014.10808abstract · Cited by 4
The Urban Curriculum and the Allocating Function of Schools
Parker, W. C. (1985) · The Educational Forum · doi:10.1080/00131728509335867 · Cited by 4
Bindman, A. (1973) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x7301700311 · Cited by 4
Regional Subcultures as Revealed by Magazine Circulation Patterns
Lee, R. S. (1995) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/106939719502900201 · Cited by 4
Minimizing Juvenile Delinquency: Implications for Prevention Programs
Gullotta, T. P., & Adams, G. R. (1982) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/027243168200200202 · Cited by 4
Welfare status, illness and subjective health definition.
Prince, E. O. (1978) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.68.9.865 · Cited by 4
Psychiatric aspects of violence and violent offenders
Gunn, J. C. (1975) · Forensic Science · doi:10.1016/0300-9432(75)90048-5 · Cited by 4
Uggen, C. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/02869-2 · Cited by 4
The Special Education Initiative: Responding to Changing Problems, Populations, and Paradigms *
Guetzloe, E. C. (1993) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874299301800404 · Cited by 4
Relationship of Personality Factors to Conceived Values in Male University Students
Butt, S., & Signori, E. I. (1965) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1965.16.2.609 · Cited by 4
The Masquerade of Abu Ghraib: State Crime, Torture, and International Law
Rothe, D. L. (2006) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University) · Cited by 4
General Strain Theory as a Predictor of Occupational Fraud
Bergsma, T. W. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 4
Property crime and income inequality in Finland
Huhta, A. (2012) · Aaltodoc (Aalto University) · Cited by 4
Zwick, R. (2018) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) · Cited by 4
Musa, S. Y. (2018) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 4
What Does (and Does Not) Affect Crime in India?Preprint
Hazra, D. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3348197 · Cited by 4
An exploratory analysis of the substitutability of outdoor recreation activities
Christensen, J. E. (1976) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-3228 · Cited by 4
Girls in Gangs: Listening to and Making Sense of Females' Perspectives of Gang Life
Kelly, A. (2015) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-3880 · Cited by 4
Backes, G. M. (2000) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-663-11437-6_7 · Cited by 4
PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES, AND CAREER ORIENTATIONS OF RECRUIT POLICE OFFICERS
Andersen, E. L. (2006) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 4
Occupational Stressors and Antinormative Behavior
Hinduja, S. (2008) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/palgrave.sj.8350083 · Cited by 4
Cuyper, R. D., Dirkzwager, A., Völker, B., van der Laan, P. H., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2013) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.07.006 · Cited by 4
Friedrichs, D. O. (2016) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-016-9320-0 · Cited by 4
Lee, J., & Lee, S.-S. (2014) · Studies on Korean Youth · doi:10.14816/sky.2014.25.4.137 · Cited by 4
The Ability of Civil Society to Act against Corruption
Николаевна, А. О., Anoschenkova, S., Петрикова, С. В., & Pomnina, S. N. (2016) · EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL · doi:10.35808/ersj/569 · Cited by 4
Felizzola, A. H. P., & Soares, G. A. D. (2020) · Dados · doi:10.1590/001152582020209 · Cited by 4
Policing Terrorism in the Chinese Community: A Critical Analysis
Li, E. (2021) · Asian Journal of Law and Society · doi:10.1017/als.2020.32 · Cited by 4
Social anomie induced by resource development projects: A case of a coal mining project
Cheng, J., Zhang, R., Liu, Y., & Wang, C. (2021) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3593 · Cited by 4
Bureaucracy and Culture: Toward Two-Factor Theory of Organizational Control
Olejniczak, T., & Kishi, Y. (2014) · Central European Management Journal · doi:10.7206/mba.ce.2084-3356.91 · Cited by 4
Governing Local Area Development through Dynamic Performance Management
Sorci, P. (2017) · Public Organization Review · doi:10.1007/s11115-017-0397-z · Cited by 4
Cuhra, M. (2019) · Challenges · doi:10.3390/challe10020033 · Cited by 4
Reexamining political economy and crime and explaining the crime drop
Lynch, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2012.752259 · Cited by 4
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN PROPERTY CRIME RATES: A TEST OF OPPORTUNITY THEORY
Lee, M. R., & Alshalan, A. (2005) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2005.9721640 · Cited by 4
Gender and Juvenile Drug Abuse: A General Strain Theory Perspective
Grothoff, G., Kempf‐Leonard, K., & Mullins, C. W. (2014) · Women & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/08974454.2013.842519 · Cited by 4
Economic Opportunities and Immigrant Youth Violence
Bui, H. N. (2014) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204014547593 · Cited by 4
‘We’ll go grafting, yeah?’: Crime as a response to urban neglect
Patel, T. (2013) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895813483761 · Cited by 4
Resilience and Educational Pathways: A Longitudinal Analysis of Low Reading Achievers
Thiessen, V. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse · doi:10.29173/cjfy6047 · Cited by 4
Punishment and Economic Inequality: Estimating Short-Term and Long-Term Equilibrium Relationships
Kim, D. (2015) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403415608491 · Cited by 4
Los determinantes económicos de la delincuencia: Santiago de Chile 2001-2009
Esteban, Á. L. G. (2016) · AMÉRICA LATINA HOY · doi:10.14201/alh201673143179 · Cited by 4
Teaching Criminological Theory: Using a Piaget Platform to Support Higher Level Learning
DioGuardi, S. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511253.2017.1324888 · Cited by 4
Ryabov, I. (2017) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-017-9213-1 · Cited by 4
Evolution and Predictors of the Homicide Rate in Turkish Provinces: Evidence from Panel Data
Elgin, C. (2018) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-018-9389-y · Cited by 4
Examining Gender- and Drug-Specific Arrest Counts: A Partial Test of Agnew’s General Strain Theory
Dierenfeldt, R., Shadwick, J. T., & Kwak, H. (2019) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1596548 · Cited by 4
Skrinjar, M., & Pettersson, T. (2020) · Sociologisk Forskning · doi:10.37062/sf.57.20241 · Cited by 4
Schneider, W. L. (2010) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92300-0_14 · Cited by 4
Cognitive Bridges: The Case of High School Undercover Officers
Jacobs, B. A. (1996) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb00745.x · Cited by 4
Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity in Probation: Structural Sources and Consequences in West Germany
Spieß, G., & Johnson, E. H. (1980) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.1980.9688704 · Cited by 4
Hollis, M. E. (2017) · Crime Prevention and Community Safety · doi:10.1057/s41300-017-0037-0 · Cited by 4
Going Bad and Staying Bad: Crystallizing Dramatic Self Change
Halldórsson, V., & Katovich, M. A. (2018) · Symbolic Interaction · doi:10.1002/symb.397 · Cited by 4
Sociological Studies, Overview
Spencer, M., & Lalgee, R. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00165-3 · Cited by 4
DeKeseredy, W. S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118701386.ch14 · Cited by 4
“Other psychotherapies”: Healing interactions across time, geography, and culture
White, R. G., McGeachan, C., Miller, G., & Xenophontos, S. A. (2020) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461520948997 · Cited by 4
Informal governance from below: Ride-hailing drivers and platform autonomy in Bogotá's gig economy
Paredes, L. H. L. (2025) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/14407833251391009 · Cited by 4
Zeng, Z., & Cohen, B. M. Z. (2025) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-025-09486-w · Cited by 4
Othman, R., Laswad, F., & Roni, S. M. (2021) · Accounting Education · doi:10.1080/09639284.2021.1919157 · Cited by 4
Kriminelles Verhalten und polizeiliche Registrierung
Kunz, F. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-010-0120-y · Cited by 4
Orquestra da Boba: lugar de sonoridades plurais
Bento, R. F. (2014) · Sociologia Problemas e Práticas · doi:10.7458/spp2014763898 · Cited by 4
Prosecuting the prosecutor: The makings of the Michael Morton Act
Polzer, K., Nhan, J., & Polzer, J. (2014) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2014.05.007 · Cited by 4
Social Disorganization and Lack of Recognition Increase Stress Among the Street Children of Dhaka
Suha, S. M., & Sik, D. (2021) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v17n7p39 · Cited by 4
Subculture wars: The struggle for the vape industry
Thirlway, F. (2022) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12981 · Cited by 4
The Educational-Industrial Complex
Brightman, H. J., & Gutmore, D. (2002) · The Educational Forum · doi:10.1080/00131720208984848 · Cited by 4
Adongoi, T., & Victor, E. A. (2016) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 4
Williams, J. P. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137303806_7 · Cited by 4
Organ Trafficking of Eritreans in the Sinai: Perpetration or Provision of Service?Preprint
Fisseha, M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2609329 · Cited by 4
La actitud del alumnado frente a la escuela
Valls, O., Sánchez‐Gelabert, A., & Troiano, H. (2022) · Cuadernos de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.18861/cied.2023.14.1.3254 · Cited by 4
Volunteerism in civil society: The world experience and the media
Bozo, L., & Ljupcho, S. (2022) · ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement · doi:10.7454/ajce.v6i1.1148 · Cited by 4
Returning Home: Residential mobility, neighborhood context and recidivism
Huggins, C. M. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 3
A imigração haitiana e a criminalidade no município de Manaus
Pozzetti, V. C., & Tamer, A. D. S. (2013) · Revista do Direito Público · doi:10.5433/1980-511x.2013v8n3p55 · Cited by 3
Time Spent With Children and Working Parents’ Willingness to Medicate ADHD-Like Behaviors
Pajo, B., & Cohen, D. (2013) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244013512134 · Cited by 3
The Downhill Mountain Bike Subculture in New Zealand
Hagen, S. (2012) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 3
Daka, A., & Der-Ruey, Y. (2025) · Society · doi:10.1007/s12115-025-01152-2 · Cited by 3
The Impact of Community Structural Instability on Bedoon and Suicidal Behavior in Kuwait
Alsaleh, A. (2014) · African and Asian Studies · doi:10.1163/15692108-12341299 · Cited by 3
Cao, X., Cui, Z., Ali, S., & Nazar, R. (2024) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/03611981241258755 · Cited by 3
RetractedPollock, J. M. (2012) · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-3512-3.00003-2 · Cited by 3
Buurtkenmerken en slachtofferschap van moord en doodslag
Nieuwbeerta, P., McCall, P. L., Elffers, H., Eising, K., & Wittebrood, K. (2008) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 3
Theorizing and Proving Intersectionality in Transnational Contexts
Plüss, C., & Chan, K. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2966-7_1 · Cited by 3
Anderson, D. S., & Beswick, D. (1979) · Evaluation in Education · doi:10.1016/0191-765x(79)90010-7 · Cited by 3
Medien und Öffentlichkeit: Krisenanalytik
Imhof, K. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19016-7_17 · Cited by 3
Hemmens, C. T. (1999) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.1999.9678636 · Cited by 3
The cultural determinants of strategic bias
Martin, J. M., & González, C. (2010) · International Conference on Intercultural Collaboration (ICIC) · doi:10.1145/1841853.1841876 · Cited by 3
Kposowa, A. J. (2014) · American journal of infectious diseases and microbiology · doi:10.12691/ajidm-2-3-4 · Cited by 3
Towards an Integrative Theory of Crime and Delinquency: Re-conceptualizing the Farrington Theory
Buffone, S. (2012) · International journal of criminology and sociological theory · Cited by 3
Ptashkin, A. (2013) · Cited by 3
Robert Merton: Occupational Roles, Social Status and Health Inequalities
Siegrist, J. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137355621_14 · Cited by 3
Nichols, L. T. (2016) · The American Sociologist · doi:10.1007/s12108-016-9313-1 · Cited by 3
Violence among the Youth in Turkey: An Assessment of General Strain Theory
Özbay, Ö. (2016) · International Journal of Criminology and Sociology · doi:10.6000/1929-4409.2016.05.05 · Cited by 3
Economic Globalization: Challenges and Threats of the Russian National Security
Shevchenko, O. M., Dyatlov, A. V., Хасамбиевна, К. З., Volkov, Y. G., & Popov, A. V. (2016) · International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues · Cited by 3
(2016) · Cited by 3
Eriksson, L., & Broidy, L. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55747-2_36 · Cited by 3
Youth cultures and style. Analytical approaches and a methodological proposal
Genova, C. (2019) · Sociologija · doi:10.2298/soc19022241g · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Merton, R. K.
- Venue
- Gangs
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2017-11-30
- Pages
- 3-13
- OpenAlex
- W2319178948
- Cited by
- 3,694
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 198 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 175
- FWCI
- 955.94
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime, Deviance, and Social Control
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Emile Durkheim and Sociology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- social structure, anomie, means and ends, social codes, antisocial behavior, ambition, anxiety, class structure, social integration, American culture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
