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The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in Its Eurasian Context
Open accessAbstract
This report gives an account of the historiography of the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241–1242, and the ongoing research of the project “The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in its Eurasian Context.” The research has been carried out by an interdisciplinary team comprising representatives of diverse academic institutions and fields. The primary objective of the project was to reassess existing scholarship by comparing it with the findings of the project team members, ultimately generating new scholarly insights. The team members concentrated on various aspects, including archaeology, military history, and the short- and long-term impacts of the Mongol military invasions in the mid-thirteenth century.
Overview
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TL;DR
This report summarizes the historiography and ongoing interdisciplinary project “The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in its Eurasian Context” (2018–2023), reassessing the 1241–1242 invasion and the Battle of Muhi. It highlights new archaeological, geographical, and source-based research while presenting many results as preliminary and ongoing.
Key findings
- The project argues that the Mongol invasion and Battle of Muhi require interdisciplinary, Eurasian-context analysis, combining archaeology, history, military history, Mongol studies, numismatics, Oriental studies, and environmental history.
- New battlefield and settlement research at Muhi includes metal-detector surveys: in 2018–2019 more than fifty volunteers checked Muhi and nearby settlements, and in 2019 thirty volunteers surveyed the site, finding a medieval golden ring, a spur, a piece of a book binding, church-wall fragments, arrowheads, and a seal ring with an ox-head linked to the Hahót-Buzád family.
- The Abaújvár fort hoard from the Mongol invasion period contained 890 coins, four silver and a bronze buckle, two silver and two golden rings, two pairs of silver earrings and three additional drop-shaped earring parts, one silver ring probably belonging to an earring, four golden knobs with gems, one piece of rock crystal, a worn Roman silver coin, a fleur-de-lis-shaped metal artifact, and textiles interwoven with golden thread.
- The report states that roughly 100–150 coin hoards are known from the Carpathian Basin, most likely hidden during the 1241–1242 Mongol invasion; it also notes the Hejőkeresztúr-Vizekköze excavation covered about 12,000 square meters and yielded copper finds analyzed archaeologically and metallographically.
Methods
- Design: an interdisciplinary research project approved in 2018 by Hungary’s National Research, Development, and Innovation Office, scheduled to continue until 2023, coordinated by József Laszlovszky, Balázs Nagy, János B. Szabó, and Dorottya Uhrin.
- Data and fieldwork: archaeological excavation, battlefield and community-archaeology metal-detector surveys, GIS databases, georeferenced historical maps, LIDAR and drone survey, geomorphological and hydrographic reconstruction, dendrochronological sampling, and analysis of textual sources, charters, and numismatic hoards.
- Analysis: the project reassesses existing scholarship by comparing it with new project findings, aiming to reconstruct the Battle of Muhi, its environmental setting, and the short- and long-term impacts of the Mongol invasion in a broader Eurasian framework.
Limitations
- The paper states that the Covid pandemic limited planned searches in 2020, so the team focused on publishing field-survey results instead.
- It states that the project “may not have yielded satisfactory answers to every open question” and that methodological problems arise when using metal detectors in battlefield research.
- The text also makes evident that many results are preliminary or ongoing: the Abaújvár material is still being processed, the seal-ring identification requires further investigation, and many important landscape features of the battle remain conjectural.
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“Nevertheless, the location of many important features remains conjectural.”
§ The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in Its Eurasian Context * > New archaeological surveys and battlefield research at Muhi
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The uncovered settlement was richest in findings and objects from the late Árpád Age in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries.”
§ The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in Its Eurasian Context * > New studies and results about the archaeology of the Mongol invasion of Hungary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
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In the paper
“Based on the sources, the battle was actually a series of sporadic engagements at different sites that unfolded in prolonged stages.”
§ The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in Its Eurasian Context * > New archaeological surveys and battlefield research at Muhi
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In the paper
“Several recent Hungarian articles give details of at least two excavated sites that may be connected to the battle.”
§ The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in Its Eurasian Context * > New archaeological surveys and battlefield research at Muhi
What the sources say
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In the paper
“At present, we know of roughly 100-150 coin hoards from the Carpathian Basin, most likely hidden during the Mongol invasion in 1241-1242.”
§ The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in Its Eurasian Context * > New studies and results about the archaeology of the Mongol invasion of Hungary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
§ The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in Its Eurasian Context * > Historiography and state of research
“Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, 24.05.2007-02.09.2007.”
§ The Mongol Invasion of Hungary in Its Eurasian Context * > References
“A tatárjárás. Kiállítás a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeumban. 2007. május 25 -szeptember 30. [The Mongol Invasion. Exhibition in the Hungarian National Museum 25 May 2007 to 30 September].”
Citations
Cites
Climatic and environmental aspects of the Mongol withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 CE
Büntgen, U., & Cosmo, N. D. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25606 · Cited by 97
Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians : steppe peoples in medieval Hungary
Pálóczi-Horváth, A. (1989) · Cited by 31
Pow, S., & Liao, J. (2018) · Journal of Chinese Military History · doi:10.1163/22127453-12341323 · Cited by 17
Pinke, Z., Ferenczi, L., Romhányi, B. F., Laszlovszky, J., & Pow, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12128-6 · Cited by 16
Self-citationA prismatic mace-head from Dunaföldvár from the time of the Mongol Invasion
Boldog, Z. (2012) · Acta Archaeologica · doi:10.1556/aarch.63.2012.1.6 · Cited by 4
Szabó, J. B. (2020) · Golden Horde Review · doi:10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-2.243-257 · Cited by 4
Laszlovszky, J., & Rácz, T. Á. (2020) · Hungarian Archaeology · doi:10.36338/ha.2020.4.7 · Cited by 4
Self-citationA hoard from the period of the Mongol invasion, discovered in the Abaújvár fort
Bakos, G., Sipos, E., Tóth, C., & Wolf, M. (2020) · Hungarian Archaeology · doi:10.36338/ha.2020.4.3 · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- Bárány, Attila. "A tatárjárás híre Nyugat-Európában" [News and Reports of the Mongol Invasion in Western Europe]. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 133, no. 3 (2020): 486-527.
- Boyle, J. A., trans. Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror by 'Ala-ad-din 'Ata-Malik Juvaini. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958.
- Csiky, Gergely. "A Nagy Mongol Birodalom hadserege a XIII. században" [The Army of the Mongol Empire in the Thirteenth Century]. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 133, no. 3 (2020): 528-57.
- Kovács, Szilvia. "A nyugati keresztény térítés kezdetei az Arany Hordában" [The Beginnings of the Latin Missions in the Golden Horde]. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 133, no. 3 (2020): 572-82.
- Laszlovszky, József, and Beatrix F. Romhányi. "A tatárjárás pusztítása és a tem- plomok" [Destruction of the Mongol Invasion and the Churches]. Várak, Kastélyok, Templomok. Történelmi és örökségturisztikai folyóirat 15, no. 2 (2019): 32-35.
- Laszlovszky, József and Stephen Pow. "Finding Batu's Hill at Muhi: Liminality between Rebellious Territory and Submissive Territory, Earth and Heaven for a Mongol Prince on the Eve of Battle." Hungarian Historical Review: New Series of Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 8, no. 2 (2019): 261-89.
- Laszlovszky, József, Stephen Pow, and Tamás Pusztai. "Reconstructing the Battle of Muhi and the Mongol Invasion of Hungary in 1241: New Archaeological and Historical Approaches." Hungarian Archaeology 5, no. 4 (2016): 29-38. http:// files.archaeolingua.hu/2016T/Laszlovszky_E16.pdf
- Nagy, Balázs and József Laszlovszky. "Új földrajzi, környezettörténeti és régészeti kutatások a Muhi csatatéren és a Sajó mentén" [New Geomorphologic, Environmental History and Archaeological Research on the Battlefield of Muhi and along the River Sajó]. In Környezeti események történeti és természettudo- mányos források tükrében -Konferencia [Environmental Events in the Light of Historical and Scientific Sources -Conference], 30 October 2019, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest.
- Nagy, Balázs, János B. Szabó, József Laszlovszky, and Dorottya Uhrin. "The Mongol Invasion in Hungary (1241-42). New Approaches and Methodologies in the Research of the 13 th Century Expansion of the Mongol Empire." Acta Historica Mongolici 22, no. 4 (2021): 44-62.
- Pálóczi Horváth, András. "Steppe Traditions and Cultural Assimilation of a Nomadic People: The Cumanians in Hungary in the 13th-14th Centuries." In Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, edited by S. Shennan, 291-302. London: Routledge, 1989.
- B. Szabó, János. "»Most rabló mongol nyilát zúgattad felettünk«. Historiográfiai vázlat a tatárjárás újabb kori magyar történeti irodalmáról" ['Now the Plundering Mongols' Arrows / You Swarmed over Us'. Historiographical Sketch of Modern-Age Hungarian Histories of the Mongol Invasion]. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 133, no. 3 (2020): 559-71.
- B. Szabó, János, József Laszlovszky, Balázs Nagy, and Dorottya Uhrin. "New Results regarding the Mongol Invasion of Hungary and Its Eurasian Context (2020)." Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 27 (2021): 271-82.
- B. Szabó, János, József Laszlovszky, Balázs Nagy, and Dorottya Uhrin. "The Mongol Invasion of Hungary (1241-42) and its Eurasian Context. Interdisciplinary Research Project Supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (2018-2022)." Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 26 (2020): 223-33.
- B. Szabó, János, József Laszlovszky, Balázs Nagy, and Dorottya Uhrin. "The Mongol Invasion of Hungary: From the Field Survey of the Battlefield at Muhi to the Dissemination of Research Results." Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 28 (2022): 203-18.
- B. Szabó, János, József Laszlovszky, Balázs Nagy, and Dorottya Uhrin. "Új régészeti eredmények a muhi csata kutatásában" [New Archaeological Results in the Research into the Battle of Muhi]. Határtalan Régészet 5, no. 1 (2020): 88-91.
- Thackston, W. M., trans. Khwandamir, Habibu's-Siyar. Tome Three. The Reign of the Mongol and the Turk. Cambridge, MA: The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, 1994.
- Tóth, Csaba. "A tatárjárás kori kincshorizontról" [About the Find Horizon of the Mongol Invasion]. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 133, no. 3 (2020): 592-603.
- Uhrin, Dorottya. "Johannes de Plano Carpini és C. de Bridia útibeszámolói" [Reports of Johannes de Plano Carpini and C. de Bridia]. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 133, no. 3 (2020): 583-91.
- Veszprémy, László. "A tatárjárás: Magyarország ismét bekerül a nyugat-európai világképbe. Az elbeszélő források tanúsága" [The Mongol Invasion in Hungary: Hungary's Reconquered Place in Contemporary Medieval Historiography. Conclusions Drawn from Narrative Sources]. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 133, no. 3 (2020): 459-85.
- Wolf, Mária and Péter Barkóczy. "Hejőkeresztúr-Vizekköze lelőhely réz alapa- nyagú leleteinek régészeti és archaeometriai vizsgálata" [Archaeological and Archeometric Studies of Copper Findings from Hejőkeresztúr-Vizekköze]. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények 133, no. 3 (2020): 604-28.
Cited by
The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire and the State of the Field: A Review Article
Vér, M. (2025) · Acta Orientalia · doi:10.1556/062.2025.00549
THE MONGOLS IN TRANSDANUBIA (FEBRUARY 1242)
Uzelac, A. (2025) · Историјски часопис · doi:10.34298/ic2574011u
Metadata
- Authors
- Laszlovszky, J., Nagy, B., B. Szabó, J., & Uhrin, D.
- Affiliations
- Central European University (AT)
- Eötvös Loránd University (HU)
- Venue
- Historical Studies on Central Europe
- Publisher
- Eötvös Loránd University
- Published
- 2023-12-18
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 184-206
- ISSN
- 2786-0922 (ISSN-L)
- 2786-0930
- OpenAlex
- W4389952096
- Semantic Scholar
- 1945606421641e72805349b33de37f9f2efaf4cc
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 6.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Historical Studies on Central Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- ELTE Digital Institutional Repository (EDIT) (Eötvös Loránd University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Open Research (Auckland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Eurasian Exchange Networks
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medieval History and Crusades
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
- Keywords
- Mongol invasion of Hungary, Mongol Empire, historiography, medieval archaeology, military history, 13th century
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