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An Incursion into the Folklore of the Lipovan Russians from the Danube Delta
Open accessAbstract
This work addresses a distinct subject with a very strong historical background and absolute uniqueness: the preservation of identity, language, architecture, attire, and traditions hundreds of kilometers away from the place of origin, as well as over time, despite all the difficulties that have befallen the Lipovan Russians residing in Romania.Maintaining one's identity as a nation in foreign lands, where the influence of the new and trends of change is always present, can be challenging.However, despite these challenges, the Lipovans have succeeded in preserving their folk customs, traditional songs, religion, spoken language, and everything they brought with them over time.The Russian language is their mother tongue, the foundation of their Old Believer identity, while the Church Slavonic language serves as a bridge between past and future generations.Religion stands as the primary symbol of Lipovan Russian identity, keeping the community united. REZUMATPrezenta lucrare tratează un subiect aparte, cu o încărcătură istorică foarte puternică și o unicitate absolută: păstrarea identității, limbii, arhitecturii, portului și tradițiilor la sute de kilometri distanță de locul de baștină, dar și de-a lungul timpului, cu toate greutățile care s-au abătut asupra rușilor lipoveni de pe teritoriul României.Este greu să îți păstrezi identitatea ca națiune pe alte meleaguri, atunci când influența noului și tendințele de schimbare sunt mereu prezente.Însă, în ciuda acestor aspecte, rușii lipoveni au reușit să își păstreze nealterate obiceiurile populare, cântecele tradiționale, religia, limba vorbită și tot ceea ce au adus cu ei de-a lungul timpului.Limba rusă este limba maternă a acestora, fundamentul identității starovere, limba slavonă bisericească reprezentând puntea de legătură între generațiile trecute și viitoare.Religia este principalul semn al identității rușilor lipoveni, aceasta ținând comunitatea unită.
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In the paper
“In my research I came across funeral songs sung individually.”
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In the paper
“sometimes the main melodic line is completed with a second voice, sung in third, octave, sixth, or even fourth or fifth”
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In the paper
“The funeral repertoire is also found among the Lipovan Russians.”
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In the paper
“The rhythmic systems found in the folklore of Lipovian Russians is the distributive one, giusto syllabic bicron or parlando rubato.”
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In the paper
“The non-occasional repertoire is also present in Lipovanian Russians.”
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In the paper
“the preservation of identity, language, architecture, attire, and traditions hundreds of kilometers away from the place of origin, as well as over time, despite all the difficulties that have befallen the Lipovan Russians residing in Romania”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
“Even if the Lipovian Russians coexist with Romanians and other minorities in the Danube Delta, they continue to preserve their traditions, port and traditional folklore.”
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In the paper
“All these characteristics are based on the fact that the vast majority of traditional songs from Lipoveni are performed in groups by women or men, resulting in the morphological aspects of group songs.”
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In the paper
“The manner of performing the musical folklore of Lipoveni is quite different from the traditional Romanian folklore, as per the componence of the group.”
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In the paper
“The mother tongue is learned from generation to generation, even if they live together with other nationalities.”
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In the paper
“The basic piece is the wide, double pleated skirt called iubka, a silk or cloth apron (zapan) and a short waist-length blouse (cohta).”
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In the paper
“The traditional Lipovene men's costume consists of boots or shoes, trousers and a tunic.”
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In the paper
“In terms of accompaniment, the vocal songs are accompanied by various traditional instruments: balalaika, mandolin, Russian harp or accordion.”
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In the paper
“Despite living with other nationalities, they have kept their way of performing Russians, such as: strong, guttural voice, group performance of most songs, complementing the main voice with another voice in third, octave, sixth, fourth or quint.”
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In the paper
“Children's folklore is present among the Lipovian Russians and contains the same morphological characteristics as the Romanian one: reduced ambitus, simple melodic, syllabic type, the presence of the genrespecific rhythmic and versification system.”
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In the paper
“The clothing of the Lipovan Russians is still preserved nowadays only when going to church, during rites of passage (wedding, funeral), or when various artistic performances take place.”
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In the paper
“However, different domains correspond to different languages, such as: Slavonic for religious worship, dialect speech for everyday life, the language of a neighboring people for external communication (Chiselev, 2019).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chiselev, 2019 source
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In the paper
“They are interpreted freely, in parlando rubato, being syllabic but also slightly melismatic.”
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In the paper
“From the point of view of literary themes, we find the same themes as those in Romanian folklore: love, longing, hate, alienation.”
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In the paper
“The wedding folklore is very well preserved even today.”
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In the paper
“A large part of them are notated in the measure of 3/4 or 6/8, and at the moment of interpretation giving the impression of undulating waves.”
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In the paper
“Most of the genres, whether wedding songs, proper songs or carols, are performed in groups by women, with a strong, piercing, often guttural voice.”
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In the paper
“Another manner of interpretation among Lipovan Russians is that one person begins the first verse, then the whole group continues the remaining melodic lines of the stanza, being performed in the same manner until all the melodic stanzas are exhausted.”
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In the paper
“A common theme in the actual songs is related to the basic occupation of the Lipovans, namely fishing.”
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In the paper
“Also, when the bride is groomed and combed to pass among the wives, the girls along with the women of the village sing her various wedding songs.”
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In the paper
“As a type of melody, the example is syllabic, very slightly ornamented, in the measure of 6/8, and the caesos of each melodic line appear slightly rubatolike.”
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In the paper
“The actual song presented was collected from the town of Periprava, Tulcea county, from a group of Lipovean women, who mentioned that this type of song is almost always performed in a group.”
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- Rests on an assumption: The informants' reports about performance practice are accurate.
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In the paper
“Due to group interpretation, the songs are syllabic, ornaments being absent in most cases.”
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In the paper
“They are slightly ornamented, found in a parlando rubato rhythmic system and with a rather restricted scope.”
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In the paper
“In winter, Lipovan women wear a quilted coat, flared from the waist with pleats, called kufaika, arka or kațaveika, black leather boots (ciupiki) or shoes.”
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In the paper
“An existing ritual folklore is that of the cheese week, which expresses a different theme compared to the Romanian folklore, namely it expresses the sadness or irony for the one who did not manage to get married until the beginning of the cheese week.”
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In the paper
“The language of the Lipovian Russians is represented by a diversification of dialects of the southern Russians.”
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In the paper
“In the past, fasting songs were known, transmitted during the summer, during work, to make their work seem easier.”
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In the paper
“The actual songs found in Romanian folklore are performed individually, the old-style ones presenting the archaic characteristics specific to the genre (rich ornamentation, reduced ambitus, pre-modal scales), while in Lipovan folklore we find the actual songs sung both individually and in groups, being framed in a giusto-syllabic rhythmic system, distributive and less often parlando rubato.”
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In the paper
“As for the vocal songs, it was found that they appear quite simple, very little ornamented, with a rather reduced scope, most of them being framed in the measure of 3/4 or 6/8.”
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In the paper
“As for the wedding repertoire, there are songs that are performed by the group of women at the time of the proposal.”
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In the paper
“Maslenitsa, the week of milk and cheese is a holiday practiced by Lipovan Russians in the week before Easter.”
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In the paper
“It should be noted that the theme is one about exile, in which the girl embroiders a handkerchief for her lover who was going to go to the army.”
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In the paper
“The ambitus is narrow, oligochords predominates.”
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In the paper
“For each moment of the ceremony there was a different musical repertoire.”
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In the paper
“Unfortunately, this genre is currently lost among the Lipovian Russians, hardly being cultivated at all.”
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In the paper
“Due to the fact that, 25 years ago, the wedding lasted four or even five days, there was a very varied repertoire.”
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In the paper
“In the vast majority of cases, the carols, as well as the other genres, are accompanied by various traditional instruments.”
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In the paper
“The melodic lines in Lipovan folklore are simple, some of them have a reduced scope that resembles children's folklore, both rhythmically and melodically.”
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In the paper
“From the point of view of the versification, we meet the pyrrhic tetrapodia, with the acatalectic form (8 syllables) in the first two verses, the 3rd verse contains 9 syllables, then the 4th verse returns with 8 syllables.”
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In the paper
“The last two lines of the stanza are repeated, slightly varied.”
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In the paper
“Less often we also encounter the mixed interpretation, where men join the group of women.”
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“Most men continue to wear a long, dark coat to church nowadays.”
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In the paper
“There were songs performed only by men, others only by women, these being sung in the vast majority of cases on several voices.”
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In the paper
“The carols present in the folklore of the Lipovian Russians are religious, announcing the Birth of the Savior.”
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In the paper
“The Danube Delta, being a rather isolated area, helped them to keep unaltered their language, folk dress, customs, architecture and last but not least, their faith.”
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In the paper
“It was born from their stories and legends, about the tortured life of their ancestors, or from the love stories of young people.”
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In the paper
“while the Church Slavonic language serves as a bridge between past and future generations”
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In the paper
“The musical repertoire found among Lipovanian Russians is very rich and varied.”
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In the paper
“In Dobrogea, Lipovan Russians settled at the mouths of the Danube, especially to the north of the Chilia arm, later becoming the predominant population of fishermen in the Danube Delta.”
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“The Russian language is their mother tongue, the foundation of their Old Believer identity”
- Also stated in: § THE LANGUAGE · plain
“Russian is the foundation of the Starovers' identity, their mother tongue.”
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- Also stated in: § THE LANGUAGE · plain
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“In the first half of the 18th century, the first Lipovans (staroveri) were mentioned on Romanian territory: in Moldova in 1724, and in Dobrogea in 1740 in the town of Sarichioi.”
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“The Lipovan Russians are the descendants of the Starovers (an ethnic group of Slavic origin that preserved its old-rite Orthodox faith).”
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In the paper
“The Lipovian Russians are the keepers of a special musical folklore, by having a vast musical repertoire that has been perpetuated from generation to generation and by the style of interpretation, which sets them apart from other nationalities.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The examples and informants used in the study are representative of Lipovan folklore in the Danube Delta as a whole.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Religion stands as the primary symbol of Lipovan Russian identity, keeping the community united.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Lipovan women's costume preserves the structure of the old Russian costume from Moscow and the central Volga, the lands from which the Starovers came.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pain is also amplified due to the fact that her brother was taken to war, leaving her alone, without any male support.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that the Lipovian Russians only have religious carols in their winter repertoire denotes the fact that they are great Orthodox believers, these being performed especially in church, during or at the end of the service.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reason for their departure from Russia was the beginning of some reforms of the church, initiated by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which had been proposed for the rites of the churches in Russia.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if the Lipovian Russians coexist with Romanians and other minorities in the Danube Delta, they continue to preserve their traditions, port and traditional folklore.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The history of the Lipovan Russians is linked to the preservation of folk customs and traditions, to the folk dress and the spoken language, so that it can be said that, over time, their culture has remained a traditional one, although the avoidance of innovations or influences is almost impossible, which can sometimes be felt in their folklore.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The examples and informants used in the study are representative of Lipovan folklore in the Danube Delta as a whole.
“The actual song presented was collected from the town of Periprava, Tulcea county, from a group of Lipovean women”
The paper relies on this without support.
The informants' reports about performance practice are accurate.
“who mentioned that this type of song is almost always performed in a group”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Metadata
- Authors
- National Academy of Music ”Gheorghe Dima”, P. N. E., & STOIAN-IRIMIE, D.
- Affiliations
- Gheorghe Dima Music Academy (RO)
- Corresponding author
- STOIAN-IRIMIE, DELIA
- Venue
- Ethnomousikologion
- Published
- 2023-01-14
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 84-91
- ISSN
- 2972-2241 (ISSN-L)
- 3008-2099
- OpenAlex
- W7155914249
- Semantic Scholar
- efe2e1ec8908d984fa302cdaeafa21a908791eb2
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Ethnomousikologion (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › European Linguistics and Anthropology
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Cultural and Sociopolitical Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Cultural History and Identity Formation
- Keywords
- Old Believers, Danube Delta, folk identity, folk customs, traditional songs, Russian language, Church Slavonic, religious identity, language preservation, traditional dress, vernacular architecture, diaspora communities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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