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Characterization of non-refractory (NR) PM 1 and source apportionment of organic aerosol in Kraków, Poland

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Tobler, Anna K., Skiba, Alicja, Canonaco, Francesco, Močnik, Griša, Rai, Pragati, Chen, Gang, Bartyzel, Jakub, Zimnoch, Miroslaw, Styszko, Katarzyna, Nęcki, Jaroslaw, Furger, Markus, Różański, Kazimierz, Baltensperger, Urs, Slowik, Jay G., Prevot, Andre S. H.·2021·Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
DOI 10.5194/acp-21-14893-2021

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Abstract

Kraków is routinely affected by very high air pollution levels, especially during the winter months. Although a lot of effort has been made to characterize ambient aerosol, there is a lack of online and long-term measurements of non-refractory aerosol. Our measurements at the AGH University of Science and Technology provide the online long-term chemical composition of ambient submicron particulate matter (PM 1 ) between January 2018 and April 2019. Here we report the chemical characterization of non-refractory submicron aerosol and source apportionment of the organic fraction by positive matrix factorization (PMF). In contrast to other long-term source apportionment studies, we let a small PMF window roll over the dataset instead of performing PMF over the full dataset or on separate seasons. In this way, the seasonal variation in the source profiles can be captured. The uncertainties in the PMF solutions are addressed by the bootstrap resampling strategy and the random a -value approach for constrained factors. We observe clear seasonal patterns in the concentration and composition of PM 1 , with high concentrations during the winter months and lower concentrations during the summer months. Organics are the dominant species throughout the campaign. Five organic aerosol (OA) factors are resolved, of which three are of a primary nature (hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA) and coal combustion OA (CCOA)) and two are of a secondary nature (more oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA) and less oxidized oxygenated OA (LO-OOA)). While HOA contributes on average 8.6 % ± 2.3 % throughout the campaign, the solid-fuel-combustion-related BBOA and CCOA show a clear seasonal trend with average contributions of 10.4 % ± 2.7 % and 14.1 %, ±2.1 %, respectively. Not only BBOA but also CCOA is associated with residential heating because of the pronounced yearly cycle where the highest contributions are observed during wintertime. Throughout the campaign, the OOA can be separated into MO-OOA and LO-OOA with average contributions of 38.4 % ± 8.4 % and 28.5 % ± 11.2 %, respectively.

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Metadata

Authors
Tobler, A. K., Skiba, A., Canonaco, F., Močnik, G., Rai, P., Chen, G., Bartyzel, J., Zimnoch, M., Styszko, K., Nęcki, J., Furger, M., Różański, K., Baltensperger, U., Slowik, J. G., & Prevot, A. S. H.
Affiliations
  • Paul Scherrer Institute (CH)
  • AGH University of Krakow (PL)
  • University of Nova Gorica (SI)
Corresponding author
  • Tobler, Anna K.
  • Skiba, Alicja
  • Rai, Pragati
  • Chen, Gang
  • Styszko, Katarzyna
  • Furger, Markus
ORCID
Venue
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2021-10-07
Volume
21
Issue
19
Pages
14893-14906
ISSN
  • 1680-7316 (ISSN-L)
  • 1680-7324
DOI
10.5194/acp-21-14893-2021
OpenAlex
W3201704106
Cited by
60
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 1
FWCI
3.33
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Atmospheric chemistry and physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DORA PSI (Paul Scherrer Institute) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • ETH Zürich Research Collection
Funders
  • Horizon 2020 (689443)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (BSSGI0_155846)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Keywords
non-refractory particulate matter, PM1, organic aerosol, source apportionment, positive matrix factorization, hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol, biomass burning organic aerosol, oxygenated organic aerosol, seasonal variation, residential heating, Kraków, winter air pollution

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