Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 55

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Orbital control on late Miocene climate and the North African monsoon: insight from an ensemble of sub-precessional simulations

Marzocchi, A., Lunt, D. J., Flecker, R., Bradshaw, C. D., Farnsworth, A., Hilgen, F. J.·2015·Climate of the Past
DOI 10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abstract. Orbital forcing is a key climate driver over multi-millennial timescales. In particular, monsoon systems are thought to be driven by orbital cyclicity, especially by precession. Here, we analyse the impact of orbital forcing on global climate with a particular focus on the North African monsoon, by carrying out an ensemble of 22 equally spaced (one every 1000 years) atmosphere–ocean–vegetation simulations using the HadCM3L model, covering one full late Miocene precession-driven insolation cycle with varying obliquity (between 6.568 and 6.589 Ma). The simulations only differ in their prescribed orbital parameters, which vary realistically for the selected time period. We have also carried out two modern-orbit control experiments, one with late Miocene and one with present-day palaeogeography, and two additional sensitivity experiments for the orbital extremes with varying CO2 forcing. Our results highlight the high sensitivity of the North African summer monsoon to orbital forcing, with strongly intensified precipitation during the precession minimum, leading to a northward penetration of vegetation up to ~ 21° N. The modelled summer monsoon is also moderately sensitive to palaeogeography changes, but it has a low sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentration between 280 and 400 ppm. Our simulations allow us to explore the climatic response to orbital forcing not only for the precession extremes but also on sub-precessional timescales. We demonstrate the importance of including orbital variability in model–data comparison studies, because doing so partially reduces the mismatch between the late Miocene terrestrial proxy record and model results. Failure to include orbital variability could also lead to significant miscorrelations in temperature-based proxy reconstructions for this time period, because of the asynchronicity between maximum (minimum) surface air temperatures and minimum (maximum) precession in several areas around the globe. This is of particular relevance for the North African regions, which have previously been identified as optimal areas to target for late Miocene palaeodata acquisition.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015

Cites

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Top: orbital parameters for the Messinian derived from the Laskar (2004) orbital solution. Obliquity (green), eccentricity (blue) and climatic precession (red), which is defined as e sin $ , where $ is the longitude of perihelion and e is eccentricity. Bottom: experimental design for the set of 22 late Miocene orbital simulations with 280 ppm atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. Simulations are spanned 1 kyr apart throughout this precession cycle. Each simulation is indicated by a number (1 to 22) and all simulations are designed based on the precession cycle, but orbital parameters all vary at the same time, as shown by the dotted line for experiment 22. The precession maximum experiment is indicated as pMAX and the precession minimum as pMIN. Obliquity is expressed both in radians and degrees, and insolation in W m 2 .
Figure 1 Top: orbital parameters for the Messinian derived from the Laskar (2004) orbital solution. Obliquity (green), eccentricity (blue) and climatic precession (red), which is defined as e sin $ , where $ is the longitude of perihelion and e is eccentricity. Bottom: experimental design for the set of 22 late Miocene orbital simulations with 280 ppm atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. Simulations are spanned 1 kyr apart throughout this precession cycle. Each simulation is indicated by a number (1 to 22) and all simulations are designed based on the precession cycle, but orbital parameters all vary at the same time, as shown by the dotted line for experiment 22. The precession maximum experiment is indicated as pMAX and the precession minimum as pMIN. Obliquity is expressed both in radians and degrees, and insolation in W m 2 .CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Evolution throughout the precession cycle (indicated in the top panel) of surface air temperature (blue lines) and incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (green lines), both in the Northern and Southern hemispheres and including global means in panel (a) . (a) Annual mean, (b) winter - DJF in the NH and JJA in the SH, (c) summer - JJA in the NH and DJF in the SH, (d) spring - MAM in the NH and SON in the SH, (e) autumn - SON in the NHand MAM in the SH. Note that different scales are used in each panel and that in panel (a) the variation in incoming solar variation is much smaller than in the other panels (less than 1 W m 2 ).
Figure 2 Evolution throughout the precession cycle (indicated in the top panel) of surface air temperature (blue lines) and incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (green lines), both in the Northern and Southern hemispheres and including global means in panel (a) . (a) Annual mean, (b) winter - DJF in the NH and JJA in the SH, (c) summer - JJA in the NH and DJF in the SH, (d) spring - MAM in the NH and SON in the SH, (e) autumn - SON in the NHand MAM in the SH. Note that different scales are used in each panel and that in panel (a) the variation in incoming solar variation is much smaller than in the other panels (less than 1 W m 2 ).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Anomaly plots of SAT between the two precession extremes, where the difference is pMIN - pMAX, in (a) DJF, (b) JJA, (c) cold month mean (CMM), (d) warm month mean (WMM) and (e) annual mean. Differences with significance outside of the 99 % confidence interval ( T test) are represented in white. 280 ppm CO 2 concentrations.
Figure 3 Anomaly plots of SAT between the two precession extremes, where the difference is pMIN - pMAX, in (a) DJF, (b) JJA, (c) cold month mean (CMM), (d) warm month mean (WMM) and (e) annual mean. Differences with significance outside of the 99 % confidence interval ( T test) are represented in white. 280 ppm CO 2 concentrations.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Absolute values of summer (JJA) precipitation during (a) precession maximum and (b) precession minimum, with 280 ppm CO 2 concentrations and anomaly plots of precipitation between the two precession extremes, where the difference is pMIN - pMAX, in (c) DJF and (d) JJA. Differences with significance outside of the 99 % confidence interval ( T test) are represented in white.
Figure 4 Absolute values of summer (JJA) precipitation during (a) precession maximum and (b) precession minimum, with 280 ppm CO 2 concentrations and anomaly plots of precipitation between the two precession extremes, where the difference is pMIN - pMAX, in (c) DJF and (d) JJA. Differences with significance outside of the 99 % confidence interval ( T test) are represented in white.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 Anomaly plots of SAT (top panels) and precipitation (bottom panels) between the two precession extremes at different CO 2 concentrations, where the difference is [(pMIN pMAX)400ppm (pMIN pMAX)280ppm]. (a) SAT anomalies in DJF, (b) SAT anomalies in JJA, (c) precipitation anomalies in DJF, (d) precipitation anomalies in JJA. Differences with significance outside of the 99 % confidence interval ( T test) are represented in white.
Figure 5 Anomaly plots of SAT (top panels) and precipitation (bottom panels) between the two precession extremes at different CO 2 concentrations, where the difference is [(pMIN pMAX)400ppm (pMIN pMAX)280ppm]. (a) SAT anomalies in DJF, (b) SAT anomalies in JJA, (c) precipitation anomalies in DJF, (d) precipitation anomalies in JJA. Differences with significance outside of the 99 % confidence interval ( T test) are represented in white.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Phasing of SAT throughout a full precession cycle. Each colour indicates the temporal offset from the maximum/minimum SAT per model grid square for (a) warm-month maximum SAT (maximum SAT) and (b) cold-month minimum SAT (minimum SAT). Simulations are indicated on the left and in relation to the precession cycle, as shown in Fig. 1b.
Figure 6 Phasing of SAT throughout a full precession cycle. Each colour indicates the temporal offset from the maximum/minimum SAT per model grid square for (a) warm-month maximum SAT (maximum SAT) and (b) cold-month minimum SAT (minimum SAT). Simulations are indicated on the left and in relation to the precession cycle, as shown in Fig. 1b.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 (a) -(d) Illustrative definition of model-data mismatch and overlap. (e) Definition of orbital, model, and data ranges. (f) Model-data mismatch is defined as the minimum possible distance to overlap, but here we show that the maximum possible differences could be much greater if the true values for both the model and the data were to lie at the extremes of the uncertainty ranges (Bradshaw et al., 2012a). Note that the relative contributions of model and data uncertainties will vary depending on the variable analysed and for each experiment. The real values are not indicated here as this figure is schematic.
Figure 7 (a) -(d) Illustrative definition of model-data mismatch and overlap. (e) Definition of orbital, model, and data ranges. (f) Model-data mismatch is defined as the minimum possible distance to overlap, but here we show that the maximum possible differences could be much greater if the true values for both the model and the data were to lie at the extremes of the uncertainty ranges (Bradshaw et al., 2012a). Note that the relative contributions of model and data uncertainties will vary depending on the variable analysed and for each experiment. The real values are not indicated here as this figure is schematic.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 (ia-id) Difference between model-data comparison including orbital variability and using modern orbit with 280 ppm CO 2 concentrations. (iia-iid) Discrepancy between Messinian proxy data and model output including orbital variability at 280 ppm. (iiia-iiid) Discrepancy between Messinian proxy data and model output with 400 ppm (precession extremes only). (iva-ivd) Difference between model-data comparison with 400 ppm (precession extremes only) and 280 ppm (full precession cycle variability). A version of this figure with alternative colours is available in the Supplement (Fig. S6).
Figure 8 (ia-id) Difference between model-data comparison including orbital variability and using modern orbit with 280 ppm CO 2 concentrations. (iia-iid) Discrepancy between Messinian proxy data and model output including orbital variability at 280 ppm. (iiia-iiid) Discrepancy between Messinian proxy data and model output with 400 ppm (precession extremes only). (iva-ivd) Difference between model-data comparison with 400 ppm (precession extremes only) and 280 ppm (full precession cycle variability). A version of this figure with alternative colours is available in the Supplement (Fig. S6).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 9 (a) SAT and (b) precipitation difference between minimum (pMIN) and maximum (pMAX) precession during the monsoon season (JJAS). The dashed boxes in (a) illustrate how North Africa is split in two areas, northern 'box' and southern 'box', for analysis (where only the land component is considered these are defined as northern region and southern region). Latitudes and longitudes for the southern 'box' are defined according to Thorncroft and Lamb (2005) for the West African monsoon. Absolute values for the monsoon season (JJAS) precipitation at (c) precession minimum and (d) precession maximum.
Figure 9 (a) SAT and (b) precipitation difference between minimum (pMIN) and maximum (pMAX) precession during the monsoon season (JJAS). The dashed boxes in (a) illustrate how North Africa is split in two areas, northern 'box' and southern 'box', for analysis (where only the land component is considered these are defined as northern region and southern region). Latitudes and longitudes for the southern 'box' are defined according to Thorncroft and Lamb (2005) for the West African monsoon. Absolute values for the monsoon season (JJAS) precipitation at (c) precession minimum and (d) precession maximum.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 10 SAT and precipitation seasonal distribution over North Africa (averaged over land in the northern and southern 'boxes', as indicated in Fig. 8) for the two precession extremes (pMIN and pMAX) at 280 ppm, precession minimum at 400 ppm and the two control experiments (late Miocene and preindustrial at 280 ppm). Differences due to orbits, palaeogeography and CO 2 concentrations are highlighted by the vertical bars relative to the month of August when the seasonal distribution is not varying. Note that the scales in panel (b) and (d) are not the same, due to the strong differences in the amount of precipitation. Dashed lines in panel (d) represent precipitation in the northern region (from panel b ) on the same scale as precipitation in the southern region; the simulation-colour correspondence is the same as in the other panels.
Figure 10 SAT and precipitation seasonal distribution over North Africa (averaged over land in the northern and southern 'boxes', as indicated in Fig. 8) for the two precession extremes (pMIN and pMAX) at 280 ppm, precession minimum at 400 ppm and the two control experiments (late Miocene and preindustrial at 280 ppm). Differences due to orbits, palaeogeography and CO 2 concentrations are highlighted by the vertical bars relative to the month of August when the seasonal distribution is not varying. Note that the scales in panel (b) and (d) are not the same, due to the strong differences in the amount of precipitation. Dashed lines in panel (d) represent precipitation in the northern region (from panel b ) on the same scale as precipitation in the southern region; the simulation-colour correspondence is the same as in the other panels.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 11
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 12
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 13 SAT (a, b) and precipitation (c, d) evolution throughout the simulated precession cycle, in the northern (left) and southern (right) regions. (a-d) Annual means relative to the corresponding panel above. On the horizontal axis is the geological time, represented by the 22 orbital experiments plotted with respect to climatic precession. In panels (a) and (d) the black dashed line highlights during which month the maximum value of temperature or precipitation, respectively, is reached. Note that panel (c) is not on the same scale as panel (d) , as all the values are below 0.86 mm day 1 (lowest contours and orange colours in panel d ). Also note that the four annual mean panels are not on the same scale, as their aim is to show the phasing with orbital forcing rather than to compare the actual values.
Figure 13 SAT (a, b) and precipitation (c, d) evolution throughout the simulated precession cycle, in the northern (left) and southern (right) regions. (a-d) Annual means relative to the corresponding panel above. On the horizontal axis is the geological time, represented by the 22 orbital experiments plotted with respect to climatic precession. In panels (a) and (d) the black dashed line highlights during which month the maximum value of temperature or precipitation, respectively, is reached. Note that panel (c) is not on the same scale as panel (d) , as all the values are below 0.86 mm day 1 (lowest contours and orange colours in panel d ). Also note that the four annual mean panels are not on the same scale, as their aim is to show the phasing with orbital forcing rather than to compare the actual values.CC-BY · From the PDF

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 98

  1. Barandiaran, D. and Wang, S.-Y.: The missing teleconnection between the North Atlantic and the Sahel precipitation in CFSv2, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 15, 21–28, 2014. · DOI
  2. Bellucci, A., Gualdi, S., and Navarra, A.: The double-ITCZ syndrome in coupled general circulation models: the role of large-scale vertical circulation regimes, J. Climate, 23, 1127–1145, 2010. · DOI
  3. Bolton, C. T. and Stoll, H. M.: Late Miocene threshold response of marine algae to carbon dioxide limitation, Nature, 500, 558–562, 2013. · DOI
  4. Bosmans, J. H. C., Drijfhout, S. S., Tuenter, E., Lourens, L. J., Hilgen, F. J., and Weber, S. L.: Monsoonal response to mid-holocene orbital forcing in a high resolution GCM, Clim. Past, 8, 723–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-723-2012, 2012. · DOI
  5. Bosmans, J. H. C., Drijfhout, S. S., Tuenter, E., Hilgen, F. J., and Lourens, L. J.: Response of the North African summer monsoon to precession and obliquity forcings in the EC-Earth GCM, Clim. Dynam., 44, 279–297, 2015a. · DOI
  6. Bosmans, J. H. C., Hilgen, F. J., Tuenter, E., and Lourens, L. J.: Obliquity forcing of low-latitude climate, Clim. Past Discuss., 11, 221–241, https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-221-2015, 2015b. · DOI
  7. Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Peterchmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt, C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., Laîné, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti, O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, S. L., Yu, Y., and Zhao, Y.: Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum – Part 1: experiments and large-scale features, Clim. Past, 3, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-261-2007, 2007. · DOI
  8. Braconnot, P., Marzin, C., Grégoire, L., Mosquet, E., and Marti, O.: Monsoon response to changes in Earth's orbital parameters: comparisons between simulations of the Eemian and of the Holocene, Clim. Past, 4, 281–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-4-281-2008, 2008. · DOI
  9. Bradshaw, C. D., Lunt, D. J., Flecker, R., Salzmann, U., Pound, M. J., Haywood, A. M., and Eronen, J. T.: The relative roles of CO2 and palaeogeography in determining late Miocene climate: results from a terrestrial model-data comparison, Clim. Past, 8, 1257–1285, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1257-2012, 2012a. · DOI
  10. Bradshaw, C. D., Lunt, D. J., Flecker, R., Salzmann, U., Pound, M. J., Haywood, A. M., and Eronen, J. T.: Corrigendum to "The relative roles of CO2 and palaeogeography in determining late Miocene climate: results from a terrestrial model-data comparison" published in Clim. Past, 8, 1257–1285, 2012, Clim. Past, 8, 1301–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1301-2012, 2012b. · DOI
  11. Bradshaw, C. D., Lunt, D. J., Flecker, R., and Davies-Barnard, T.: Disentangling the roles of late Miocene palaeogeography and vegetation – Implications for climate sensitivity, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 417, 17–34, 2015. · DOI
  12. Brostrom, A., Coe, M., Harrison, S. P., Gallimore, R., Kutzbach, J. E., Foley, J., Prentice, I. C., and Behling, P.: Land surface feedbacks and palaeomonsoons in northern Africa, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3615–3618, 1998. · DOI
  13. Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Petoukhov, V., and Ganopolski, A.: On the stability of the atmosphere-vegetation system in the Sahara/Sahel region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 31613–31624, 1998. · DOI
  14. Bruch, A. A., Uhl, D., and Mosbrugger, V.: Miocene climate in Europe – Patterns and evolution: A first synthesis of NECLIME, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 253, 1–7, 2007. · DOI
  15. Bruch, A. A., Utescher, T., and Mosbrugger, V.: Precipitation patterns in the Miocene of Central Europe and the development of continentality, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 304, 202–211, 2011. · DOI
  16. Chen, G.-S., Kutzbach, J. E., Gallimore, R., and Liu, Z.: Calendar effect on phase study in paleoclimate transient simulation with orbital forcing, Clim. Dynam., 37, 1949–1960, 2011. · DOI
  17. Cherchi, A., Alessandri, A., Masina, S., and Navarra, A.: Effects of increased CO2 levels on monsoons, Clim. Dynam., 37, 83–101, 2011. · DOI
  18. Claussen, M., Kubatzki, C., Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., Hoelzmann, P., and Pachur, H.-J.: Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the Mid-Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2037–2040, 1999. · DOI
  19. Colin, C., Siani, G., Liu, Z., Blamart, D., Skonieczny, C., Zhao, Y., Bory, A., Frank, N., Duchamp-Alphonse, S., Thil, F., Richter, T., Kissel, C., and Gargani, J.: Late Miocene to early Pliocene climate variability off NW Africa (ODP Site 659), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 401, 81–95, 2014. · DOI
  20. Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A., and Totterdell, I. J.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model, Nature, 408, 184–187, 10.1038/35041539, 2000. · DOI
  21. de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Claussen, M., and Prentice, C.: Mid-Holocene greening of the Sahara: first results of the GAIM 6000 year BP Experiment with two asynchronously coupled atmosphere/biome models, Clim. Dynam., 16, 643–659, 2000. · DOI
  22. Doherty, R., Kutzbach, J., Foley, J., and Pollard, D.: Fully coupled climate/dynamical vegetation model simulations over Northern Africa during the mid-Holocene, Clim. Dynam., 16, 561–573, 2000. · DOI
  23. Dowsett, H. J. and Poore, R. Z.: Pliocene sea surface temperatures of the north atlantic ocean at 3.0 Ma, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 10, 189–204, 1991. · DOI
  24. Dowsett, H. J., Robinson, M. M., Haywood, A. M., Hill, D. J., Dolan, A. M., Stoll, D. K., Chan, W.-L., Abe-Ouchi, A., Chandler, M. A., Rosenbloom, N. A., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Bragg, F. J., Lunt, D. J., Foley, K. M., and Riesselman, C. R.: Assessing confidence in Pliocene sea surface temperatures to evaluate predictive models, Nature Climate Change, 2, 365–371, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1455, 2012. · DOI
  25. Dowsett, H. J., Robinson, M. M., Stoll, D. K., Foley, K. M., Johnson, A. L. A., Williams, M., and Riesselman, C. R.: The PRISM (Pliocene palaeoclimate) reconstruction: time for a paradigm shift, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond., 371, 20120524, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0524, 2013. · DOI
  26. Duque-Caro, H.: Neogene stratigraphy, paleoceanography and paleobiogeography in northwest South America and the evolution of the Panama seaway, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 77, 203–234, 1990. · DOI
  27. Eronen, J. T., Fortelius, M., Micheels, A., Portmann, F., Puolamaki, K., and Janis, C. M.: Neogene aridification of the Northern Hemisphere, Geology, 40, 823–826, 2012. · DOI
  28. Essery, R. and Clark, D. B.: Developments in the MOSES 2 land-surface model for PILPS 2e, Global Planet. Change, 38, 161–164, 2003. · DOI
  29. Feulner, G., Rahmstorf, S., Levermann, A., and Volkwardt, S.: On the Origin of the Surface Air Temperature Difference between the Hemispheres in Earth's Present-Day Climate, J. Climate, 26, 7136–7150, 2013. · DOI
  30. Forrest, M., Eronen, J. T., Utescher, T., Knorr, G., Stepanek, C., Lohmann, G., and Hickler, T.: Climate-vegetation modelling and fossil plant data suggest low atmospheric CO2 in the late Miocene, Clim. Past Discuss., 11, 2239–2279, https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-2239-2015, 2015. · DOI
  31. Garzione, C. N., Dettman, D. L., Quade, J., DeCelles, P. G., and Butler, R. F.: High times on the Tibetan Plateau: Paleoelevation of the Thakkhola graben, Nepal, Geology, 28, 339–342, 2000. · DOI
  32. Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Smith, A. G., Bleeker, W., and Lourens, L. J.: A new geologic time scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene, Episodes, 27, 83–100, 2004. · DOI
  33. Griffin, D. L.: Aridity and humidity: two aspects of the late Miocene climate of North Africa and the Mediterranean, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 182, 65–91, 2002. · DOI
  34. Griffin, D. L.: The late Neogene Sahabi rivers of the Sahara and their climatic and environmental implications for the Chad Basin, J. Geol. Soc., 163, 905–921, 2006. · DOI
  35. Harrison, S. P., Bartlein, P. J., Izumi, K., Li, G., Annan, J., Hargreaves, J., Braconnot, P., and Kageyama, M.: Evaluation of CMIP5 palaeo-simulations to improve climate projections, Nature Climate Change, 5, 735–743, 2015. · DOI
  36. Haywood, A. M., Dolan, A. M., Pickering, S. J., Dowsett, H. J., McClymont, E. L., Prescott, C. L., Salzmann, U., Hill, D. J., Hunter, S. J., Lunt, D. J., Pope, J. O., and Valdes, P. J.: On the identification of a Pliocene time slice for data-model comparison, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond., 371, 20120515, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0515, 2013. · DOI
  37. Hely, C., Braconnot, P., Watrin, J., and Zheng, W.: Climate and vegetation: Simulating the African humid period, histoire climatique des deserts d'Afrique et d'Arabie Climatic history of the African and Arabian deserts, C. R. Geosci., 341, 671–688, 2009. · DOI
  38. Hilgen, F., Aziz, H. A., Bice, D., Iaccarino, S., Krijgsman, W., Kuiper, K., Montanari, A., Raffi, I., Turco, E., and Zachariasse, W.-J.: The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Tortonian stage (Upper Miocene) at Monte Dei Corvi, Episodes-Newsmagazine of the International Union of Geological Sciences, 28, 6–17, 2005. · DOI
  39. Hilgen, F. J., Krijgsman, W., Langereis, C. G., Lourens, L. J., Santarelli, A., and Zachariasse, W. J.: Extending the astronomical (polarity) time scale into the Miocene, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 136, 495–510, 1995. · DOI
  40. Hilgen, F. J., Abdul Aziz, H., Krijgsman, W., Langereis, C. G., Lourens, L. J., Meulenkamp, J. E., Raffi, I., Steenbrink, J., Turco, E., Van Vugt, N., Wijbrans, J. R., and Zachariasse, W. J.: Present status of the astronomical (polarity) time-scale for the Mediterranean Late Neogene, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 357, 1931–1947, 1999. · DOI
  41. Hilgen, F. J., Bissoli, L., Iaccarino, S., Krijgsman, W., Meijer, R., Negri, A., and Villa, G.: Integrated stratigraphy and astrochronology of the Messinian GSSP at Oued Akrech (Atlantic Morocco), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 182, 237–251, 2000. · DOI
  42. Hsu, K. J., Ryan, W. B. F., and Cita, M. B.: Late Miocene Desiccation of the Mediterranean, Nature, 242, 240–244, https://doi.org/10.1038/242240a0, 1973. · DOI
  43. Ivanovic, R. F., Valdes, P. J., Flecker, R., Gregoire, L. J., and Gutjahr, M.: The parameterisation of Mediterranean-Atlantic water exchange in the Hadley Centre model HadCM3, and its effect on modelled North Atlantic climate, Ocean Model., 62, 11–16, 2013. · DOI
  44. Ivanovic, R. F., Valdes, P. J., Flecker, R., and Gutjahr, M.: Modelling global-scale climate impacts of the late Miocene Messinian Salinity Crisis, Clim. Past, 10, 607–622, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-607-2014, 2014a. · DOI
  45. Joussaume, S. and Braconnot, P.: Sensitivity of paleoclimate simulation results to season definitions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 1943–1956, 1997. · DOI
  46. Joussaume, S., Taylor, K. E., Braconnot, P., Mitchell, J. F. B., Kutzbach, J. E., Harrison, S. P., Prentice, I. C., Broccoli, A. J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bartlein, P. J., Bonfils, C., Dong, B., Guiot, J., Herterich, K., Hewitt, C. D., Jolly, D., Kim, J. W., Kislov, A., Kitoh, A., Loutre, M. F., Masson, V., McAvaney, B., McFarlane, N., de Noblet, N., Peltier, W. R., Peterschmitt, J. Y., Pollard, D., Rind, D., Royer, J. F., Schlesinger, M. E., Syktus, J., Thompson, S., Valdes, P., Vettoretti, G., Webb, R. S., and Wyputta, U.: Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: Results of 18 simulations from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP), Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 859–862, 1999. · DOI
  47. Kamikuri, S.-I., Nishi, H., and Motoyama, I.: Effects of late Neogene climatic cooling on North Pacific radiolarian assemblages and oceanographic conditions, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 249, 370–392, 2007. · DOI
  48. Keigwin, L.: Isotopic Paleoceanography of the Caribbean and East Pacific: Role of Panama Uplift in Late Neogene Time, Science, 217, 350–353, 1982. · DOI
  49. Kidd, R. B., Cita, M. B., and Ryan, W. B.: Stratigraphy of eastern Mediterranean sapropel sequences recovered during DSDP Leg 42A and their paleoenvironmental significance, Initial Rep. Deep Sea, 42, 421–443, 1978. · DOI
  50. Knorr, G., Butzin, M., Micheels, A., and Lohmann, G.: A warm Miocene climate at low atmospheric CO2 levels, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L20701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048873, 2011. · DOI
  51. Koster, R. D. Guo, Z., Dirmeyer, P. A. Bonan, G., Chan, E., Cox, P., Davies, H., Gordon, C. T., Kanae, S., Kowalczyk, E., Lawrence, D., Liu, P., Lu, C.-H., Malyshev, S., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, K., Mocko, D., Oki, T., Oleson, K. W., Pitman, A., Sud, Y. C., Taylor, C. M., Verseghy, D., Vasic, R., Xue, Y., and Yamada, T.: GLACE: the global land-atmosphere coupling experiment. Part I: overview, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 590–610, 2006. · DOI
  52. Krijgsman, W., Hilgen, F. J., Raffi, I., Sierro, F. J., and Wilson, D. S.: Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis, Nature, 400, 652–655, https://doi.org/10.1038/23231, 1999. · DOI
  53. Krijgsman, W., Fortuin, A. R., Hilgen, F. J., and Sierro, F. J.: Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity, Sediment. Geol., 140, 43–60, 2001. · DOI
  54. Kuhlemann, J.: Paleogeographic and paleotopographic evolution of the Swiss and Eastern Alps since the Oligocene, Global Planet. Change, 58, 224–236, 2007. · DOI
  55. Kutzbach, J. E.: Monsoon Climate of the Early Holocene: Climate Experiment with the Earth's Orbital Parameters for 9000 Years Ago, Science, 214, 59–61, 1981. · DOI
  56. Kutzbach, J. E. and Gallimore, R. G.: Sensitivity of a coupled atmosphere/mixed layer ocean model to changes in orbital forcing at 9000 years B.P, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 93, 803–821, 1988. · DOI
  57. LaRiviere, J. P., Ravelo, A. C., Crimmins, A., Dekens, P. S., Ford, H. L., Lyle, M., and Wara, M. W.: Late Miocene decoupling of oceanic warmth and atmospheric carbon dioxide forcing, Nature, 486, 97–100, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11200, 2012. · DOI
  58. Larrasoaña, J. C., Roberts, A. P., Rohling, E. J., Winklhofer, M., and Wehausen, R.: Three million years of monsoon variability over the northern Sahara, Clim. Dynam., 21, 689–698, 2003. · DOI
  59. Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A. C. M., and Levrard, B.: A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth, Astron. Astrophys., 428, 261–285, 2004. · DOI · Paper page
  60. Lewis, A. R., Marchant, D. R., Ashworth, A. C., Hedenas, L., Hemming, S. R., Johnson, J. V., Leng, M. J., Machlus, M. L., Newton, A. E., Raine, J. I., Willenbring, J. K., Williams, M., and Wolfe, A. P.: Mid-Miocene cooling and the extinction of tundra in continental Antarctica, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 10676–10680, 2008. · DOI
  61. Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Gallimore, R., Gasse, F., Johnson, T., deMenocal, P., Adkins, J., Notaro, M., Prentice, I., Kutzbach, J., Jacob, R., Behling, P., Wang, L., and Ong, E.: Simulating the transient evolution and abrupt change of Northern Africa atmosphere-ocean-terrestrial ecosystem in the Holocene, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1818–1837, 2007. · DOI
  62. Loptson, C. A., Lunt, D. J., and Francis, J. E.: Investigating vegetation-climate feedbacks during the early Eocene, Clim. Past, 10, 419–436, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-419-2014, 2014. · DOI
  63. Lourens, L. J., Antonarakou, A., Hilgen, F. J., Van Hoof, A. A. M., Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., and Zachariasse, W. J.: Evaluation of the Plio-Pleistocene astronomical timescale, Paleoceanography, 11, 391–413, 1996. · DOI
  64. Lourens, L. J., Wehausen, R., and Brumsack, H. J.: Geological constraints on tidal dissipation and dynamical ellipticity of the Earth over the past three million years, Nature, 409, 1029–1033, https://doi.org/10.1038/35059062, 2001. · DOI
  65. Lunt, D., Valdes, P., Haywood, A., and Rutt, I.: Closure of the Panama Seaway during the Pliocene: implications for climate and Northern Hemisphere glaciation, Clim. Dynam., 30, 1–18, 2008a. · DOI
  66. Lunt, D. J., Flecker, R., Valdes, P. J., Salzmann, U., Gladstone, R., and Haywood, A. M.: A methodology for targeting palaeo proxy data acquisition: A case study for the terrestrial late Miocene, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 271, 53–62, 2008b. · DOI
  67. Lunt, D. J., Valdes, P. J., Jones, T. D., Ridgwell, A., Haywood, A. M., Schmidt, D. N., Marsh, R., and Maslin, M.: CO2-driven ocean circulation changes as an amplifier of Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum hydrate destabilization, Geology, 38, 875–878, 2010. · DOI
  68. Lunt, D. J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bakker, P., Berger, A., Braconnot, P., Charbit, S., Fischer, N., Herold, N., Jungclaus, J. H., Khon, V. C., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Langebroek, P. M., Lohmann, G., Nisancioglu, K. H., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Park, W., Pfeiffer, M., Phipps, S. J., Prange, M., Rachmayani, R., Renssen, H., Rosenbloom, N., Schneider, B., Stone, E. J., Takahashi, K., Wei, W., Yin, Q., and Zhang, Z. S.: A multi-model assessment of last interglacial temperatures, Clim. Past, 9, 699–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-699-2013, 2013. · DOI
  69. Markwick, P.: The Palaeogeographic and Palaeoclimatic Significance of Climate Proxies for Data-Model Comparisons, in: Deep-Time Perspectives on Climate Change: Marrying the Signal from Computer Models and Biological Proxies, Williams, M., Haywood, A. M., Gregory, F. J., and Schmidt, D. N., The Micropalaeontological Society Special Publications, The Geological Society, London, 251–312, 2007. · DOI
  70. Markwick, P. J. and Valdes, P. J.: Palaeo-digital elevation models for use as boundary conditions in coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM experiments: a Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous) example, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 213, 37–63, 2004. · DOI
  71. Micheels, A., Bruch, A. A., Uhl, D., Utescher, T., and Mosbrugger, V.: A Late Miocene climate model simulation with ECHAM4/ML and its quantitative validation with terrestrial proxy data, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 253, 251–270, 2007. · DOI
  72. Molnar, P., England, P., and Martinod, J.: Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian Monsoon, Rev. Geophys., 31, 357–396, 1993. · DOI
  73. Moran, K., Backman, J., Brinkhuis, H., Clemens, S. C., Cronin, T., Dickens, G. R., Eynaud, F., Gattacceca, J., Jakobsson, M., Jordan, R. W., Kaminski, M., King, J., Koc, N., Krylov, A., Martinez, N., Matthiessen, J., McInroy, D., Moore, T. C., Onodera, J., O'Regan, M., Pälike, H., Rea, B., Rio, D., Sakamoto, T., Smith, D. C., Stein, R., St John, K., Suto, I., Suzuki, N., Takahashi, K., Watanabe, M., Yamamoto, M., Farrell, J., Frank, M., Kubik, P., Jokat, W., and Kristoffersen, Y.: The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean, Nature, 441, 601–605, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04800, 2006. · DOI
  74. Morgan, P. and Swanberg, C. A.: On the Cenozoic uplift and tectonic stability of the Colorado Plateau, J. Geodyn., 3, 39–63, 1985. · DOI
  75. Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Rosenbloom, N., Stone, E. J., McKay, N. P., Lunt, D. J., Brady, E. C., and Overpeck, J. T.: How warm was the last interglacial? New model-data comparisons, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 371, 20130097, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0097, 2013. · DOI
  76. Oueslati, B. and Bellon, G.: The double ITCZ bias in CMIP5 models: interaction between SST, large-scale circulation and precipitation, Climate Dynam., 44, 585–607, 2015. · DOI
  77. Perez-Folgado, M., Sierro, F. J., Bárcena, M. A., Flores, J. A., Vázquez, A., Utrilla, R., Hilgen, F. J., Krijgsman, W., and Filippelli, G. M.: Western versus eastern Mediterranean paleoceanographic response to astronomical forcing: a high-resolution microplankton study of precession-controlled sedimentary cycles during the Messinian, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 190, 317–334, 2003. · DOI
  78. Pound, M. J., Haywood, A. M., Salzmann, U., Riding, J. B., Lunt, D. J., and Hunter, S. J.: A Tortonian (Late Miocene, 11.61–7.25;Ma) global vegetation reconstruction, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 300, 29–45, 2011. · DOI
  79. Pound, M. J., Haywood, A. M., Salzmann, U., and Riding, J. B.: Global vegetation dynamics and latitudinal temperature gradients during the Mid to Late Miocene (15.97–5.33 Ma), Earth-Sci. Rev., 112, 1–22, 2012. · DOI
  80. Prell, W. L. and Kutzbach, J. E.: Monsoon variability over the past 150,000 years, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 92, 8411–8425, 1987. · DOI
  81. Prescott, C. L., Haywood, A. M., Dolan, A. M., Hunter, S. J., Pope, J. O., and Pickering, S. J.: Assessing orbitally-forced interglacial climate variability during the mid-Pliocene Warm Period, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 400, 261–271, 2014. · DOI
  82. Renssen, H., Brovkin, V., Fichefet, T., and Goosse, H.: Simulation of the Holocene climate evolution in Northern Africa: The termination of the African Humid Period, impact of rapid environmental changes on humans and ecosystems Impact of rapid environmental changes on humans and ecosystems, Quatern. Int., 150, 95–102, 2006. · DOI
  83. Rossignol-Strick, M. and Planchais, N.: Climate patterns revealed by pollen and oxygen isotope records of a Tyrrhenian sea core, Nature, 342, 413–416, https://doi.org/10.1038/342413a0, 1989. · DOI
  84. Salzmann, U., Dolan, A. M.,, Haywood, Chan, W.-L., Voss, J., Hill, D. J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Otto-Bliesner, B., Bragg, F. J., Chandler, M. A., Contoux, C., Dowsett, H. J., Jost, A., Kamae, Y., Lohmann, G., Lunt, D. J., Pickering, S. J., Pound, M. J., Ramstein, G., Rosenbloom, N., Sohl, L., Stepanek, S., Ueda, H., and Zhang, Z.: Challenges in quantifying Pliocene terrestrial warming revealed by data-model discord, Nature Climate Change, 3, 969–974, 2013. · DOI
  85. Schuster, M., Duringer, P., Ghienne, J.-F., Vignaud, P., Mackaye, H. T., Likius, A., and Brunet, M.: The Age of the Sahara Desert, Science, 311, 821–821, 2006. · DOI
  86. Shackleton, N. J. and Kennett, J. P.: Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: oxygen and carbon isotope analyses in DSDP Sites 277, 279, and 281, Initial Rep. Deep Sea, 29, 743–755, 1975. · DOI
  87. Sierro, F. J., Hilgen, F. J., Krijgsman, W., and Flores, J. A.: The Abad composite (SE Spain): a Messinian reference section for the Mediterranean and the APTS, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 168, 141–169, 2001. · DOI
  88. Steppuhn, A., Micheels, A., Geiger, G., and Mosbrugger, V.: Reconstructing the Late Miocene climate and oceanic heat flux using the (AGCM) ECHAM4 coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model with adjusted flux correction, late Miocene to Early Pliocene Environment and Climate Change in the Mediterranean Area, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 238, 399–423, 2006. · DOI
  89. Thorncroft, C. and Lamb, P.: The West African Monsoon, in: The Global Monsoon System: 25 Research and Forecast, edited by: Chang, C.-P., Wang, B., and Lau, N.-C. G., 239–250, WMO/TD No. 1266 (TMRP Report No. 70) Report of the International Committee of the Third International Workshop on Monsoons (IWM-III), 2–6 November 2004, Hangzhou, China, 2005.
  90. Tindall, J., Flecker, R., Valdes, P., Schmidt, D. N., Markwick, P., and Harris, J.: Modelling the oxygen isotope distribution of ancient seawater using a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM: Implications for reconstructing early Eocene climate, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 292, 265–273, 2010. · DOI
  91. Tuenter, E., Weber, S. L., Hilgen, F. J., and Lourens, L. J.: The response of the African summer monsoon to remote and local forcing due to precession and obliquity, Global Planet. Change, 36, 219–235, 2003. · DOI
  92. Tuenter, E., Weber, S. L., Hilgen, F. J., Lourens, L. J., and Ganopolski, A.: Simulation of climate phase lags in response to precession and obliquity forcing and the role of vegetation, Clim. Dynam., 24, 279–295, 2005. · DOI
  93. Utescher, T., Böhme, M., and Mosbrugger, V.: The Neogene of Eurasia: Spatial gradients and temporal trends – The second synthesis of NECLIME, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 304, 196–201, 2011. · DOI
  94. Yemane, K., Bonnefille, R., and Faure, H.: Palaeoclimatic and tectonic implications of Neogene microflora from the Northwestern Ethiopian highlands, Nature, 318, 653–656, https://doi.org/10.1038/318653a0, 1985. · DOI
  95. Yin, Q. and Berger, A.: Individual contribution of insolation and CO2 to the interglacial climates of the past 800,000 years, Clim. Dynam., 38, 709–724, 2012. · DOI
  96. Zhang, R. and Delworth, T. L.: Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17712, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026267, 2006. · DOI · Paper page
  97. Zhang, Y. G., Pagani, M., Liu, Z., Bohaty, S. M., and DeConto, R.: A 40-million-year history of atmospheric CO2, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 371, 20130096, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0096, 2013. · DOI
  98. Zhang, Z., Ramstein, G., Schuster, M., Li, C., Contoux, C., and Yan, Q.: Aridification of the Sahara desert caused by Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Late Miocene, Nature, 513, 401–404, 2014. · DOI

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Marzocchi, A., Lunt, D. J., Flecker, R., Bradshaw, C. D., Farnsworth, A., & Hilgen, F. J.
ORCID
Venue
Climate of the Past
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2015-10-01
Volume
11
Issue
10
Pages
1271-1295
ISSN
1814-9332
DOI
10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015
Cited by
55
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review