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LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY
Open accessAbstract
This article investigates the linguistic mechanisms underlying the construction and transformation of victim identity in Edith Eva Eger's Holocaust memoir "The Choice: Embrace the Possible" (2017).Through systematic analysis of grammatical, lexical, and discursive features, the study examines how language reflects the psychological evolution from victimhood to agency, revealing language not merely as a descriptive medium for trauma but as a constitutive instrument of psychological recovery and identity reconstruction following catastrophic experience.The research identifies specific linguistic patterns characterizing traumatic narrative: systematic use of passive constructions, restricted modality, fragmented narrative structure, and lexical fields of fear and helplessness dominate Holocaust sections.At the cognitive level, victim identity is structured through deictic distancing, depersonalization, and temporal disorientation.Comparative analysis of Holocaust narrative and post-liberation sections demonstrates systematic linguistic shift: increased active voice usage, expanded modality, emergence of evaluative language, and metaphors of transformation.In Holocaust testimony, victim identity is constructed through grammatical erasure of agency ("I was taken," "we were stripped"), reflecting total powerlessness and lack of control over one's fate.Postliberation narrative exhibits a shift toward agentive self-positioning ("I choose," "I decide"), marking psychological recovery and restoration of subjectivity.Particular attention is devoted to the symbolic transformation of the ballerina motif: from passive objectification ("I was forced to dance for Mengele") to active self-determination ("Through dance, I found myself").The study applies Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to analyze transitivity, modality, and appraisal systems, integrating Paul Ricoeur's narrative identity theory, Cathy Caruth's trauma linguistics, and Deborah Cameron's feminist linguistics.The article emphasizes language's role in constituting psychological reality, demonstrating that grammatical choices function as mechanisms of identity reconstruction following catastrophic experience rather than mere stylistic preferences.Research findings have implications for trauma-informed therapeutic practice, Holocaust memory studies, and interdisciplinary studies at the intersection of linguistics, psychology, and Holocaust studies.The article offers a replicable methodology for analyzing other autobiographical trauma narratives, contributing to understanding of how survivors linguistically reconstitute subjectivity after genocidal violence.The research identifies specific linguistic patterns characterizing traumatic narrative: passive constructions, restricted modality, fragmented structure, and lexical fields of fear and helplessness dominate Holocaust sections.At the cognitive level, victim identity is structured through deictic distancing, depersonalization, and temporal disorientation.Comparative analysis of Holocaust narrative and post-liberation sections demonstrates systematic linguistic shift: increased active voice usage, expanded modality, emergence of evaluative language, and metaphors of transformation.The study applies Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to analyze transitivity, modality, and appraisal systems, integrating narrative identity theory (Paul Ricoeur), trauma linguistics (Cathy Caruth), and feminist linguistics (Deborah Cameron).The article emphasizes language's role in constituting psychological reality, demonstrating that grammatical choices function as mechanisms of identity reconstruction following catastrophic experience rather than mere stylistic preferences.Research findings have implications for trauma-informed therapeutic practice, Holocaust memory studies, and interdisciplinary studies at the intersection of linguistics, psychology, and Holocaust studies.The article offers a replicable methodology for analyzing other autobiographical trauma narratives, contributing to understanding of how survivors linguistically reconstitute selfhood after genocidal violence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deictic distancing and depersonalization also characterize Holocaust narrative.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
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In the paper
“Each sentence demonstrates passive construction where agents, Nazi guards, are grammatically absent, appearing only as implicit, nameless forces.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
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In the paper
“Particularly significant is emergence of positive aesthetic appreciation.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Restricted modality constitutes one of the most distinctive linguistic markers of victim identity.”
- Also stated in: § Theoretical Framework. · boosted
“Holocaust sections demonstrate modal deprivation.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Theoretical Framework. · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Linguistic analysis of Eger's Holocaust narrative reveals systematic use of passive constructions in describing Auschwitz events.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“In Holocaust testimony, victim identity is constructed through grammatical erasure of agency (”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The appearance of gratitude expressions is particularly striking”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most significant linguistic shift between Holocaust narrative and postliberation/contemporary sections is the systematic increase in active voice.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ballerina motif's linguistic transformation exemplifies the memoir's larger movement from victimhood to agency.”
- Also stated in: § Theoretical Framework. · plain
“The grammatical shift from passive to active enacts psychological reclamation of what was stolen.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Theoretical Framework. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, modality expands dramatically in post-liberation sections, including verbs of possibility and epistemic certainty”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evaluative language becomes more diverse in recovery sections, expressing not only fear and pain but hope, joy, freedom, gratitude, and love”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The appearance of teaching modality (”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This grammatical transformation enacts what Judith Herman describes as recovery's central task: moving from being victim of trauma to being survivor with agency.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5, p. 131]
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This grammatical pattern reflects the psychological reality of victimization, where survivors experience radical loss of control and agency.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Edith Eger's dual positioning as survivor and therapist enables metanarrative authority typically unavailable to trauma survivors.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The symbolic transformation of the ballerina motif from objectified victim to agentive narrator demonstrates how linguistic choices can function as mechanisms of empowerment.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Conclusion.
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The research confirms that language functions not merely as a descriptive medium for trauma but as a constitutive element of psychological reality through which survivors literally reconstruct their identity”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Conclusion.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9, p. 635]
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lexical fields of victimhood encompass words of fear, shame, silence, and bodily disintegration.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Feminist perspective reveals how Edith Eger consciously resists gendered conventions of trauma testimony”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7, p. 103]
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Narrative fragmentation and temporal compression characterize traumatic memories.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Edith Eger openly names herself, refusing victimhood's anonymity”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Future-oriented modality also emerges:”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To contextualize findings, the analysis incorporates comparative references to other Holocaust survivor accounts.This comparative dimension illuminates whether identified patterns are idiosyncratic to Eger's narrative or reflect broader linguistic features of Holocaust testimony.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Deborah Cameron in”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7, p. 102]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Traumatic experience exceeds cognitive frameworks available at the moment of occurrence, returning belatedly through intrusive memories, flashbacks, and compulsive repetition.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4, p. 105]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Judith Herman in”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5, p. 132]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Transitivity analysis examines processes (actions, events, states), participants (actors, goals, beneficiaries), and circumstances (time, place, manner), revealing how language constructs representations of reality.”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3, p. 213]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“J.R. Martin and P.R.R. White in”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6, p. 42]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Paul Ricoeur in”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1, p. 415]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Systematic grammatical analysis of the mechanisms through which language constructs and deconstructs victim identity in Holocaust memoirs remains fragmentary, leaving a gap the study addresses.
“Most Holocaust memoir studies focus on historical, literary, or psychological aspects, while systematic grammatical analysis of mechanisms through which language constructs and deconstructs victim identity remains fragmentary.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > Theoretical Framework.
“[1, p. 415]”
§ LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF VICTIM IDENTITY IN EDITH EVA EGER'S HOLOCAUST MEMOIR: FROM POWERLESSNESS TO AGENCY > References
“1. Ricoeur P. Oneself as another. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 363 p.”
Citations
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- [1]1. Ricoeur P. Oneself as another. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 363 p.
- [2]2. Eger, E. (2017). The Choice: Embrace the Possible. New York: Penguin Random House.
- [3]3. Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2013). Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). London: Routledge.
- [4]4. Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- [6]6. Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- [8]8. Linde, C. (2009). Working the Past: Narrative and Institutional Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- [9]9. Somers, M. R. (1994). The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach. Theory and Society, 23(5), 605-649. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0 0992905 · DOI
- [10]10. Van der Kolk, B. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York: Penguin Books. Література: 1. Ricoeur P. Oneself as another. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 363 p.
- [11]11. Eger, E. (2017). The Choice: Embrace the Possible. New York: Penguin Random House.
- [12]12. Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2013). Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). London: Routledge.
- [13]13. Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- [15]15. Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- [17]17. Linde, C. (2009). Working the Past: Narrative and Institutional Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- [18]18. Somers, M. R. (1994). The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach. Theory and Society, 23(5), 605-649. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/BF 00992905 · DOI
- [19]19. Van der Kolk, B. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York: Penguin Books. Дата першого надходження статті до видання: 14.02.2026 Дата прийняття статті до друку після рецензування: 28.02.2026
Metadata
- Authors
- Shylo, A., & Honsalies-Munis, S.
- Venue
- Вісник науки та освіти
- Published
- 2026-03-29
- Issue
- 2(44)
- ISSN
- 2786-6165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W7142755673
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Вісник науки та освіти (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Memory, Trauma, and Testimony
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration
- Keywords
- Holocaust memoirs, victim identity, agency, Holocaust testimony, transitivity, modality, appraisal, depersonalization, temporal disorientation, identity reconstruction, trauma-informed therapy, Holocaust memory, systemic functional linguistics
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