CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 10Stress and Burnout ResearchCyberloafing and Workplace BehaviorWorkaholism, burnout, and well-being

Boreout at the Office: The Role of Leisure Boredom in Predicting Job Burnout and Social Media Addiction

Open access
KARA, Feyza Meryem, SAROL, Halil, GÜRBÜZ, Bülent, GÜRKAN, Rıfat Kerem·2023·Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns
DOI 10.53016/jerp.v4i2.178
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

ABSTRACTIn this study, we aimed to examine the levels of leisure boredom, job burnout and social media addiction according to some variables, and the predictive power of the leisure boredom on job burnout and social media addiction was determined. In this quantitative study, the relational screening model was used. Convenience sampling method was preferred in determining the study group. 224 women (54.7%) and 185 men (45.2%) participated in the study. The results indicated that women had higher levels of job burnout than men. Furthermore, individuals who regularly participated in physical activity had lower levels of job burnout and leisure boredom. In addition, the study determined that participants’ virtual tolerance and virtual communication levels increased with an increase in their daily social media use frequency. The results revealed that leisure boredom was a significant predictor of participants’ job burnout and social media addiction. It can be inferred that as participants’ leisure boredom increased, their job burnout and social media addiction increased.Keywords: Job Burnout, Leisure Boredom, Social Media Addiction.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.53016/jerp.v4i2.178

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Kara et al. (2023) suggested that regular participation in leisure activities may correspond to less pronounced relationships between PSMU and DBO.

    “Kara et al. (2023) suggested that regular participation in leisure activities may correspond to less pronounced rela­ tionships between PSMU and DBO.”

    From Fear of missing out and psychological well-being: Examining the dual pathways of problematic social media use and digital burnout (2026) · cites this paper as Kara et al. (2023)

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports lower job-burnout scores among people who participated in physical activity, a leisure activity. The Findings (page unavailable) report correlations between social-media-addiction measures and burnout, but do not show that regular leisure participation makes that relationship less pronounced. (LLM, conf=0.81)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 56

  1. Albrechtslund, A. M., & Albrechtslund, A. (2014). Social media as leisure culture. First Monday, 19, 7-18. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i4.4877 · DOI
  2. Ayhan, C., Kaya, H. B., Yalçın, İ., & Karakaş, G. (2021). The mediating effect of social media addiction on the relationship between leisure boredom and loneliness. [in Turkish] Journal of Human Sciences, 18, 749-759. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v18i4.6261 · DOI
  3. Bielby, W. T., & Baron, J. N. (1986). Men and women at work: Sex segregation and statistical discrimination. American Journal of Sociology, 91, 759-799. https://doi.org/10.1086/228350 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Brooks, F., & Magnusson, J. (2007). Physical activity as leisure: The meaning of physical activity for the health and well-being of adolescent women. Health Care for Women International, 28, 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330601003499 · DOI
  5. Burke, R. J. (2002). Work stress and women's health: Occupational status effects. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 91-102. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25074735
  6. Capri, B. (2013). The Turkish Adaptation of the Burnout Measure-Short Version (BMS) and Couple Burnout Measure-Short Version (CBMS) and the Relationship between Career and Couple Burnout Based on Psychoanalytic-Existential Perspective. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13, 1408-1417. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2013.3 · DOI
  7. 1576 · DOI
  8. Chan, K. B., Lai, G., Ko, Y. C., & Boey, K. W. (2000). Work stress among six professional groups: The Singapore experience. Social science & medicine, 50(10), 1415-1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00397-4 · DOI
  9. Cheng, C., Wang, H., Sigerson, L., & Chau, C. (2019). Do socially rich get richer? A nuanced perspective on social network site use and online social capital accrual. Psychological Bulletin, 145, 734-764. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000198 · DOI
  10. Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Smartphone use, work-home interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery. Applied Psychology, 63(3), 411-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00530.x · DOI
  11. Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. In Handbook of theories of social psychology. Edited by Van Lange PAM, Kruglanski AW, Higgins ET, Sage Publications Ltd. 458-476.
  12. Eysenbach, G. (2004). Improving the quality of web surveys: The checklist for reporting results of internet e-surveys (CHERRIES). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6, e34. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6.3.e34 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Feng, X. (2022). How Job Stress Affect Flow Experience at Work: The Masking and Mediating Effect of Work-Related Rumination. Psychological Reports, 0. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221122881 · DOI
  14. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Boston and New York: Pearson Education.
  15. Gürbüz, B., & Henderson, K. (2013). Exploring the meanings of leisure among Turkish university students. Croatian Journal of Education, 15, 927-957.
  16. Haand, R., & Shuwang, Z. (2020). The relationship between social media addiction and depression: A quantitative study among university students in Khost, Afghanistan. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25, 780-786. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2020.1741407 · DOI
  17. Hakanen, J. J., & Bakker, A. B. (2017). Born and bred to burn out: A life-course view and reflections on job burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22, 354. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000053 · DOI
  18. Henderson, K. A., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2002). Enjoyment: A Link to Physical Activity, Leisure, and Health. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 20, 130-146.
  19. Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Crowley, E. D. (1991). Adolescent substance abuse and leisure boredom. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1991.11969857 · DOI
  20. Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Weissinger, E. (1990). Perceptions of boredom in leisure: Conceptualization, reliability and validity of the leisure boredom scale. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1990.11969811 · DOI
  21. Jackson, S. E., & Maslach, C. (1982). After-effects of job-related stress: Families as victims. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030030106 · DOI
  22. Jick, T. D., & Mitz, L. F. (1985). Sex differences in work stress. Academy of Management Review, 10, 408-420. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4278947 · DOI
  23. Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58, 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.004 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Kara, F.M. (2019). Internet Addiction: Relationship with Perceived Freedom in Leisure, Perception of Boredom and Sensation Seeking. Higher Education Studies, 9, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v9n2p131 · DOI
  25. Kara, F.M., & Gürbüz, B. (2022). Perception of Boredom in Leisure: Relationship with Internet Addiction and Perceived Social Competence [in Turkish]. Sportive Sight Journal of Sports and Education, 9, 200-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.33468/sbsebd.282 · DOI
  26. Kara, F.M., Gürbüz, B., & Öncü, E. (2014). Leisure boredom scale: the factor structure and the demographic differences. The Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 16, 28-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15314/TJSE.201428102 · DOI
  27. Kloutsiniotis, P. V., Mihail, D. M., Mylonas, N., & Pateli, A. (2022). Transformational Leadership, HRM practices and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of personal stress, anxiety, and workplace loneliness. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103177 · DOI
  28. Leung, L. (2008). Leisure boredom, sensation seeking, self-esteem, and addiction: Symptoms and patterns of cell phone use. In Mediated Interpersonal Communication (pp. 373- 396). Routledge.
  29. Liang, Y., Huang, H., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Lu, G., & Chen, C. (2022). The relationship between self-esteem and mobile phone addiction among mainland chinese adolescents: A meta- analysis. Psychological Reports, 2022, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/003329412211091 · DOI
  30. Lin, Y. S., Huang, W. S., Yang, C. T., & Chiang, M. J. (2014). Work-leisure conflict and its associations with well-being: The roles of social support, leisure participation and job burnout. Tourism Management, 45, 244-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.04.004 · DOI
  31. Liu, C., & Ma, J. (2020). Social media addiction and burnout: The mediating roles of envy and social media use anxiety. Current Psychology, 39, 1883-1891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9998-0 · DOI
  32. Lubbadeh, T. (2020). Job burnout: a general literature review. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10, 7-15. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.9398 · DOI
  33. Mansour, S., & Tremblay, D. G. (2016). How the need for "leisure benefit systems" as a "resource passageways" moderates the effect of work-leisure conflict on job burnout and intention to leave: A study in the hotel industry in Quebec. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 27, 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.02.002 · DOI
  34. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2, 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15, 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20311 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 · DOI · Paper page
  37. Naczenski, L. M., de Vries, J. D., van Hooff, M. L., & Kompier, M. A. (2017). Systematic review of the association between physical activity and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health, 59, 477-494. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.17-0050-RA O'Reilly, M., Dogra, N., Whiteman, N., Hughes, J., Eruyar, S., & Reilly, P. (2018). Is social media bad for mental health and wellbeing? Exploring the perspectives of adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23, 601-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045187751 · DOI
  38. Pitt, M., & Bennett, J. (2008). Workforce ownership of space in a space sharing environment. Journal of Facilities Management. 6, 290-302 https://doi.org/10.1108/14725960810908154 · DOI
  39. Purvanova, R. K., & Muros, J. P. (2010). Gender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 168-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006 · DOI
  40. Rhee, H. and Kim, S. (2016) 'Effects of breaks on regaining vitality at work: An empirical comparison of 'conventional' and 'smart phone' breaks', Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.056 · DOI
  41. Şahin, C., & Yağcı, M. (2017). Social Media Addiction Scale -Adult Form: The Reliability and Validity Study. [in Turkish]. Journal of Kırşehir Education Faculty (JKEF), 18, 523-538. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kefad/issue/59268/851452
  42. In M. C. W. Peeters, J. de Jonge, & T. W. Taris (Eds.), An Introduction to Contemporary Work Psychology (pp. 293-320). Wiley.
  43. Shaw, S. M., Caldwell, L. L., & Kleiber, D. A. (1996). Boredom, stress and social control in the daily activities of adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 28, 274-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1996.11949776 · DOI
  44. Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population research: convenience sampling strategies. Prehospital and disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373-374. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x21000649 · DOI
  45. Sun, J., Sarfraz, M., Ivascu, L., Iqbal, K., & Mansoor, A. (2022). How did work-related depression, anxiety, and stress hamper healthcare employee performance during COVID-19? The mediating role of job burnout and mental health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 10359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610359 · DOI
  46. Toker, S., & Biron, M. (2012). Job burnout and depression: unraveling their temporal relationship and considering the role of physical activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 699-710. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026914 · DOI
  47. Wang, X., Xia, X., & Yu, H. (2022). Relationship between Leisure Experience and Aggression: Mediating Effect of Self-esteem. Research Square, 12, 9903. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1501939/v1 · DOI
  48. Weber, A., & Jaekel-Reinhard, A. (2000). Burnout syndrome: a disease of modern societies?. Occupational Medicine, 50(7), 512-517.
  49. Weissinger, E. (1995). Effects of boredom on self-reported health. Society and Leisure, 18, 21- 32. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.1995.10715488 · DOI
  50. Weissinger, E., Caldwell, L. L., & Bandalos, D. L. (1992). Relation between intrinsic motivation and boredom in leisure time. Leisure Sciences, 14(4), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409209513177 · DOI
  51. Westerman, D., Spence, P. R., & Van Der Heide, B. (2014). Social media as information source: Recency of updates and credibility of information. Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication, 19, 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12041 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Wu-Ouyang, B. (2022). Are smartphones addictive? Examining the cognitive-behavior model of motivation, leisure boredom, extended self, and fear of missing out on possible smartphone addiction. Telematics and Informatics, 71, 101834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101834 · DOI
  53. Yuwono, M. R., & Virlia, S. (2022). Leisure Boredom Affects Gaming Disorder on Emerging Adult Smartphone Users. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 37, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v37i1.2324 · DOI
  54. Zheng, H., & Ling, R. (2021). Drivers of social media fatigue: A systematic review. Telematics and Informatics, 64, 101696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101696 · DOI
  55. Zhong, J. I. E., You, J., Gan, Y., Zhang, Y., Lu, C., & Wang, H. (2009). Job stress, burnout, depression symptoms, and physical health among Chinese university teachers. Psychological Reports, 105, 1248-1254. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.105.F.1248-125 · DOI
  56. Zhou, S. X., & Leung, L. (2012). Gratification, loneliness, leisure boredom, and self-esteem as predictors of SNS-game addiction and usage pattern among Chinese college students. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 2, 34-48.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
KARA, F. M., SAROL, H., GÜRBÜZ, B., & GÜRKAN, R. K.
Affiliations
  • Kırıkkale University (TR)
  • Gazi University (TR)
  • Ankara University (TR)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns
Publisher
Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns
Published
2023-12-30
Volume
4
Issue
2
Pages
400-414
ISSN
2757-9344 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.53016/jerp.v4i2.178
OpenAlex
W4388065054
Cited by
10
References
9
Citations by year
2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
FWCI
2.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
Keywords
leisure boredom, burnout, social media addiction, physical activity, virtual communication, gender differences, occupational stress

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review