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1 Thessalonians 2:14-16 and the Church in Jerusalem
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Decades of interpretative controversy have failed to provide a satisfactory explanation of what Judaean events, if any, might have occasioned St Paul’s bitter invective in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16. After re-examining the familiar arguments by B.A. Pearson and others for a non-Pauline interpolation, this study questions the widespread assumption that Jewish persecution of Christians cannot be substantiated prior to the first Jewish War. Rehearsing the evidence for hostile measures against Jewish believers c. AD 36 and again under Agrippa I in 41/42, the argument turns to the neglected suggestion by the sixth-century chronicler Malalas of Antioch that a further persecution of the Jerusalem church took place ‘in the eighth year of Claudius’ (AD 48/49). Such a course of events during the notorious procuratorship of Ventidius Cumanus would shed light not only on 1 Thessalonians 2, but possibly also on the setting of Galatians. In any case, both Josephus and rabbinic literature indicate that the death of Agrippa I was widely perceived as the beginning of a disastrous downturn in Jewish fortunes, to which Paul may be alluding in v. 17. Ironically, a number of these points were familiar to scholars in the 18th and 19th centuries, but seem since then to have been forgotten.
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“Since there is not a shred of external evidence, one must imagine the putative post-70 glossator to have successfully duped the entire textual and interpretative tradition”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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“the argument turns to the neglected suggestion by the sixth-century chronicler Mala/as of Antioch that a further persecution of the Jerusalem church took place 'in the eighth year of Claudius' (AD 48149).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mala/as of Antioch
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The sixth-century chronicler Mala/as of Antioch's report that a further persecution of the Jerusalem church took place in the eighth year of Claudius (AD 48-49) is historically reliable.
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In the paper
“most of the language used in verses 15-16 (with perhaps the partial exception of v. 15c) fits well within the milieu of several contemporary Palestinian Jewish sources.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“both Josephus and rabbinic literature indicate that the death of Agrippa I was widely perceived as the beginning of a disastrous downturn in Jewish fortunes”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Josephus
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- Not matchedcites rabbinic literature
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In the paper
“both the Dead Sea sectarians and even a writer like J osephus can accuse Jerusalemites of exhibiting qualities reminiscent of those alleged by Paul in v. 15.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Josephus
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In the paper
“This would seem to suggest that Paul is referring to events in Jerusalem or Palestine of which we have only limited knowledge.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“It seems fair to conclude that none of the various compilation proposals have managed to garner sufficient support.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) 1 Thessalonians as a Whole
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In the paper
“Qumran's pesher commentaries, like the book of Daniel before them (e.g.8:19; 11:36 LXX), do not hesitate to see God's judgement upon their adversaries accomplished in what they regard as the fulfilment of prophecy in recent events.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Daniel 8:19
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- Not matchedcites Daniel 11:36 LXX
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In the paper
“In both Galatians (1:19, 22; 2:2, 4) and Romans (15:19 with 15:31 ), as we saw, the apostle hints at the personal danger he had long since faced in Jerusalem.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Galatians 1:19
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- Not matchedcites Galatians 1:22
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- Not matchedcites Galatians 2:2
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In the paper
“Pearson is almost certainly right to see here at least in part a reference to an identifiable past event”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 40
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In the paper
“1 Thessalonians would appear to contain either one extraordinarily long introductory thanksgiving extending from 1 :2 perhaps all the way to 3:13,5 or else two introductory thanksgivings (1:2-10; 2:13[-16]).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) 1 Thessalonians as a Whole
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In the paper
“the offending final phrase (Kat 1t<lCH V av8pc01t0l.~E:vavnrov) is in particularly close syntactical correlation with the following participial clause (K<OA.' UOV' t<OV TJJ.Ul~ 'tOt~ £8vc.crtvA.aJ.:ftcrm tva crro8rocrtv)”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“there seems to be insufficient overlap between our v. 15 and Acts 17. Luke does not in fact describe an expulsion by the Jews of Thessalonica, and he makes the point that the Beroean Jews were 'nobler', euyevecnepot (17:10).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Acts 17:5-9
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- Not matchedcites Acts 17:13
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- Not matchedcites Acts 17:10
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In the paper
“The actual historical reference need have nothing to do with AD 70; indeed it could reasonably be supposed to denote a number of different events in the years preceding the composition of 1 Thessalonians”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“Even Paul himself had of course suffered repeated animosity from 'IouBaiot (2 Cor.11 :24)”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 2 Cor.11:24
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In the paper
“The severity of affliction experienced in Judaea under Caligula and Claudius may of course pale in light of the war of 66-73”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“regardless of Paul's own intention we must accept that his Gentile readership could very well have understood his remarks in that sense, in malam partem”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“the point of the comparison of the 'louoaiot of Judaea (v.14) with the cru~<j>uA.t•mi of Thessalonica is in the first instance not primarily racial but social and ecclesial: in both locations, Christians are oppressed by their respective compatriots.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rigaux
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- Not matchedcites Holtz
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In the paper
“in the immediately following context (12:1-19) the persecution under Herod Agrippa leads to the death of James and the exile of Peter.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Acts 12:1-19
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In the paper
“It also reflects the privileged position of the original churches of Jerusalem and Judaea, whose suffering evidently remains in Paul's view paradigmatic for Christian experience elsewhere.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“Rehearsing the evidence for hostile measures against Jewish believers c.AD 36 and again under Agrippa I in 41142”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Abstract
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In the paper
“Paul's own writings elsewhere make it unlikely that he would hold all ethnic Jews accountable for the death of Jesus, or even to condemn them irredeemably in favour of Gentiles.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“it may be possible to read EKOtro~avtrov illl<l~ here as encompassing two kinds of experience: first, the general developments of Christian persecution in Judaea, of which Paul himself was first a perpetrator and then, along with others, a victim; and secondly, by extension, the analogous events in a variety of other places, ranging from Damascus (2 Cor.11:32-33)toThessalonicaitself(Acts 17:5-10,”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 2 Cor.11:32-33
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- Not matchedcites Acts 17:5-10
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- Not matchedcites Acts 17:13-14
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In the paper
“there can be little doubt that Paul's assertions here are particularly marked by an element of passionate Middle Eastern hyperbole”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“Of course one should not deny the comprehensive, caricaturing nature of Paul's language.39It reflects an understandable human expression of animus born out of adversity”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“The two last phrases of v. 15 cited above are by far the most difficult, not least because they have no self-evident parallel in a firstcentury Jewish milieu, and do not obviously reflect Jewish or Christian traditional language.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“Paul's syntax, too, does not favour a direct connection with unpleasant memories in Thessalonica: grammatically as well as rhetorically, the two aorist participles ofv.15 are dependent on the compatriots of the Christians of 'Iouoaia”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“Decades of interpretative controversy have failed to provide a satisfactory explanation of what Judaean events, if any, might have occasioned St Paul's bitter invective in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Abstract
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In the paper
“Luke links Bamabas' departure from Jerusalem and recruitment of Paul to the beginning of the Gentile mission in Antioch-a mission which in turn followed the persecution and dispersion of 'all except the apostles' after Stephen's martyrdom ( 11: 19-20; cf.8:1 ).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Acts 11:19-20
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- Not matchedcites Acts 8:1
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In the paper
“a 'Greater Israel' conception was certainly a feature of first-century Jewish belief”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites M. Bockmuehl, Jewish Law in Gentile Churches: Halakhah and the Beginning of Christian Public Ethics (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 2000), 61-71, 75-79
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites M. Hengel, 'loudaia in der geographischen Liste Apg 2,9-1 I und Syrien als "Grossjudiia"', RHPR SO (2000), 5 I-68
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In the paper
“the use of the term' Iouoa'iot is notoriously complex and cannot a priori be assumed to carry a comprehensive meaning: in Jewish texts, for example, it is at times specific to residents of Judaea and other active supporters of their national cause.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“the parallel with the activities of the 'false apostles' (2 Cor.11: 12ff.) and the 'false brethren' (2 Cor.11 :26; Gal.2:4) underlines the fact that far from being representative of the Jerusalem church, these individuals are effectively in league with the persecutors.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 2 Cor.11:12ff.
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- Not matchedcites 2 Cor.11:26
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- Not matchedcites Gal.2:4
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In the paper
“the unity ofthe document as a whole continues to be ably and sanely defended by scholars from a broad spectrum of opinion.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) 1 Thessalonians as a Whole
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In the paper
“there is no obvious reason why such a specific reference to a persecution in AD 48/49 should have been invented.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
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In the paper
“Thessalonian Christians, the intensity of their compatriots' opposition should be seen as analogous to the severity of afflictions endured by Jerusalem Christians.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“This is what the aorist e<j>9acrev arguably presupposes, even if it is clear from 1: 10 and 5:9 that such judgement must still be read in relation to the '6pyiJ to come'.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > IV. AD 44-49 as the Beginning of God's Final Wrath?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Memories of both experiences (persecution and divine wrath) are fresh in Paul's mind.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the two are linked without conjunction or article; indeed it seems worth removing Nestle-Aland's comma here, too-or placing it after apccrKOV't<OV, to show that grammatically the last three words of v. 15 modify the first clause of v. 16.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“By widespread scholarly consensus, 1 Thessalonians is one of the earliest extant letters ofPaul, quite possibly the first.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) Date
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In the paper
“This also seems to be implied by Paul's repeated rhetorical assumption of relatively fresh reminiscence in the letter itself (e.g. 1 Thes.1:5; 2:1, 5, 9, 10), along with the suggestion that his absence had only been for a short time (2: 17).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) Date
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In the paper
“It is there that Paul eventually appeared before the proconsul Gallio, and where the vast majority of exegetes assumes that 1 Thessalonians was composed perhaps shortly after Paul's arrival.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) Date
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chapter 2 presents Paul's rhetorically charged application of the gospel message and ministry to the Thessalonian church.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, Gallio's tenure is almost universally associated with the year 51.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) Date
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In the paper
“Famines, of course, had a • high symbolic value in the ancient world and could serve as dark premonitions of impending judgement, a function they also exercise in the Jesus tradition.98”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > h) Other Developments in 44-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [98]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Operating on the simplest of correlations between Acts and Paul's letters, however, one arrives at broad scholarly agreement on the fact that Paul proceeded from Thessalonica via Athens to Corinth.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) Date
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In that immediate context, our text offers a concrete re-application of the repeated motif of the imitation of Christ and the apostles.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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In the paper
“The year 48-49 was certainly an annus horribilis in Jewish history, as has long been acknowledged in this connection.86”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) The Events of 48-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And secondly, it seems that this Jewish hostility has now been followed, perhaps by implication relatively recently, by concrete circumstances that suggest to Paul the inauguration of definitive divine judgement.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Ill. 1 Thes. 2:14-16 and Jerusalem in AD 48-49
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Luke casts Stephen's martyrdom in deliberate analogy to that of Jesus, and even links the charges against him to Jesus' pronouncements against the Temple.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Jewish Persecution of the Judaean Churches
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The upshot of such a link between Galatians and 1 Thessalonians would be to shed light on the setting of both-and perhaps in the process to invite the reconsideration of an earlier date of Galatians, after the apostolic council but perhaps shortly before or shortly after 1 Thessalonians.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The function of the entire clause introduced by Kai, then, is almost epexegetical: in other words, the persecuting Jews' affront to God and opposition to all humankind comes to expression precisely in their hindrance of the apostolic mission for the salvation of the Gentiles.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“since Paul himself had frequently reminded the church that tribulations of this nature would necessarily come (3:4), as judgement on God's enemies is about to begin (cf.5:1-11).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(3) In addition, such a context could supply some of the contributing factors behind James the Just's intervention in Antioch (Gal.2:12).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Renewed persecution of this kind might indeed help to substantiate the impression of 'fresh memories' in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Memories of both experiences (persecution and divine wrath) are fresh in Paul's mind.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It will then have been part of a continuing purge of Jesus' followers in which Saul of Tarsus played for a time a prominent role.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Jewish Persecution of the Judaean Churches
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“after which Ummidius Quadratus, the governor of Syria, proceeded to crucify the prisoners Cumanus had taken and to behead eighteen others.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) The Events of 48-49
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In the paper
“Without wishing to make much of this uncertain text, for our purposes it would suffice to see here another witness to the impression that the end of Agrippa's reign was long remembered as the beginning of a nasty turn in the fortunes of first-century Palestinian Judaism_I05”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) A Second-Century Perspective
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [105]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“If the Jewish Christian persecution of 48 did not in fact precede these events, the turbulent and at times near-anarchic atmosphere during the first year of Ventidius Cumanus' s appointment9I would in any case have given plenty of scope for the BtroyJ..Lo~ envisaged by Malalas.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) The Events of 48-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Malalas
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“What is more, his brief note may rightly imply that such persecution could have been the by-product of a wider nationalist insurrection (if that is how we should take the curious phrase 1eai.,;upavviBa92 Ka'ta ' PooJ..Laioov EJ..LeAi'toov).93”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) The Events of 48-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He eventually sent the High Priest Ananias and his colleagues to Rome in chains to appear before Claudius.90”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) The Events of 48-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“During Alexander's tenure, the food supply of Jerusalem came to a severe crisis that for at least some of its inhabitants was alleviated only by the generosity of the newly converted Queen Helena of Adiabene.97”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > h) Other Developments in 44-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [97]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Cuspius Fadus (AD 44-46), the first two of the new procurators, had his cavalry capture and kill the apocalyptic signprophet Theudas and several hundred of his followers (Ant.20.97-99; cf.Acts 5:36).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > h) Other Developments in 44-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ant.20.97-99
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Acts 5:36
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The problem is that these events may thus transpire a full nine years before Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians 2: 14.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we may see here ( 1) some of the reasons behind the apparent secrecy of the Jerusalem agreement (Gal.2:9), for which Peter had perhaps returned at some danger to himself after previously fleeing the city”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If there was indeed a further persecution of Christians in Judaea in the year 48/49, it becomes rather clearer why Paul's reflection on the subsequent 12-18 months might cause him to conclude that divine retribution was now palpably beginning to overtake the persecutors.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > IV. AD 44-49 as the Beginning of God's Final Wrath?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Memories of both experiences (persecution and divine wrath) are fresh in Paul's mind.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In Josephus and rabbinic literature alike, Agrippa appears as a faithful adherent of the Temple who brought daily offerings, played a prominent role in the Festivals, and paid for the sacrifices of large numbers of Nazirites.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Herod Agrippa I and AD 41142.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the hindsight impression of an ominous turning point after the year 44 may find tenuous support in some Tannaitic references to 'King Agrippa' (who could in principle be either Agrippa I or Agrippa 11).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) A Second-Century Perspective
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Timothy had set out for a visit while Paul was still at Athens; and upon his very recent return with good news Paul immediately puts pen to paper, perhaps in part to answer Thessalonian problems or queries of which Timothy has also reported.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) Date
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like Philo and Petronius, among others, Agrippa had worked hard to dissuade Caligula from his disastrous attempt to erect his statue in the Temple.Upon coming to power in Judaea, he took pains to show himself an observant Jew”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Herod Agrippa I and AD 41142.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“James's execution, and Peter's arrest, may well have taken place in late March or early April 41.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Herod Agrippa I and AD 41142.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“( 4) Finally, it would clarify the interpretation of at least two allusions to Jewish persecution of Jewish Christians (4:26, 29; 6:12; cf.6:16?).”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, Agrippa executed James the son of Zebedee&o and arrested Simon Peter”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Herod Agrippa I and AD 41142.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Malalas of course is by no means wholly impartial and reliable in his account of this material, and should only be used to illustrate and annotate, rather than to establish, our knowledge of the period.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Fadus's successor, Philo of Alexandria's apostate nephew Tiberius Julius Alexander (AD 46-48), continued the clampdown against popular insurrectionist sentiment by personally ordering the crucifixion of James and Simon, the sons of Judas the Galilean (Ant.20.1 02).96”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > h) Other Developments in 44-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ant.20.102
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least we must say is that both the Judaean persecution of v. 14 and the initiation of divine wrath in v. 16 are described as fact.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Ill. 1 Thes. 2:14-16 and Jerusalem in AD 48-49
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our passage, however, the Apostle to the Gentiles shows himself remarkably exercised by the continuing fate ofthe Judaean churches, and unusually willing to read some apparently recent developments as heralding sovereign divine judgement.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Memories of both experiences (persecution and divine wrath) are fresh in Paul's mind.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, even if Paul were consciously echoing contemporary anti-Jewish polemic, here these words have certainly been given a highly particular application, estranged from its usual pagan setting.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16: Evaluating the Case for Interpolation
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And it would fit the context ofthe violent upheavals under Ventidius Cumanus, as we shall see below.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On taking the plain sense of the passage, one is led to believe, first, that both Paul and the Judaean Christians have been subject to sustained Jewish persecution.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Ill. 1 Thes. 2:14-16 and Jerusalem in AD 48-49
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, this year saw the beginning of Ventidius Cum anus's disastrous tenure as procurator of Judaea (48-52), amply documented in Josephus.87”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) The Events of 48-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, during the second half of the Passover week in 49, the incensed crowd's reaction to a single soldier's provocative gesture led Ventidius Cumanus to a catastrophic misjudgement.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) The Events of 48-49
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In his early years Claudius seems to have favoured the Jews, publishing two edicts guaranteeing their religious freedom while exhorting them in turn to manifest tolerance”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Herod Agrippa I and AD 41142.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Judaea's intermittent crises of food supply between 44 and 49 are well attested and would have done much to encourage the apocalyptically inclined.99”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > h) Other Developments in 44-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [99]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless of their stance on the authenticity of our text, scholars agree that the Acts account of the first two Christian decades envisages at least two periods of notable violence against Christians in Judaea.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Jewish Persecution of the Judaean Churches
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In the paper
“Josephus claims that several tens of thousands perished.ss”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > a) The Events of 48-49
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [88]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(2) Similarly, renewed persecution may explain the reasons for Peter's post-conciliar move to the politically safer jurisdiction of Antioch”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > Persecution in 48149?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Everyone agrees that Paul's appearance before Seneca's brother Gallio, the proconsul at Corinth, is a pivotal date for any Pauline chronology.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > c) Date
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, one of the wider implications of this more specialised inquiry may be its confirmation of the significant but frequently hidden extent to which the present and future fate of Jerusalem continued to weigh on Paul's mind, and to shape his thought, from the earliest to the latest of his letters to Gentile churches.t13”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > V. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [113]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The authenticity of Paul's harsh words about the perpetrators of Christian suffering in Judaea in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.
- Not matched
In the paper
“My proposal is to set alongside the scattered evidence in Galatians the suggestion in Malalas of a persecution of the Jerusalem Christians in the year 48/49, which would add to previous measures taken against them in the mid-30s and again after Agrippa's accession in 41.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > V. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Malalas
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The authenticity of Paul's harsh words about the perpetrators of Christian suffering in Judaea in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(2) It .affected Rome and not Judaea.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > d) A Note on the Edict of Claudius
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(3) It is unclear if Paul knew of it at the time of writing.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > d) A Note on the Edict of Claudius
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This third persecution would be relatively easy to accommodate around the proposed date, and might in turn shed light on the setting of 1 Thessalonians and Galatians (and perhaps of certain passages in Acts).IIO”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > V. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The authenticity of Paul's harsh words about the perpetrators of Christian suffering in Judaea in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Their reception by a Gentile rather than a Jewish readership must surely hasten and harden the perception of a parting of the ways between Jews and Christians .I 12”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > V. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [112]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The authenticity of Paul's harsh words about the perpetrators of Christian suffering in Judaea in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As for Paul's reference to divine wrath, the scheme here proposed suggests attention to the violent upheavals suffered in Judaea most recently under its inept new procurator Ventidius Cumanus, and more generally to the sense, attested in a number of Jewish texts, that the violent and famished years after the death of Agrippa constituted a grave decline in Jewish fortunes.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > V. Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The authenticity of Paul's harsh words about the perpetrators of Christian suffering in Judaea in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“( 1) This edict had a tangibly, if not indeed disproportionately, adverse effect on the Christian community at Rome too, and so could hardly serve as a clear demonstration of God's wrath against the persecutors.”
§ -16 AND THE CHURCH IN JERUSALEM > d) A Note on the Edict of Claudius
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The sixth-century chronicler Mala/as of Antioch's report that a further persecution of the Jerusalem church took place in the eighth year of Claudius (AD 48-49) is historically reliable.
“the neglected suggestion by the sixth-century chronicler Mala/as of Antioch that a further persecution of the Jerusalem church took place 'in the eighth year of Claudius' (AD 48149).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Memories of both experiences (persecution and divine wrath) are fresh in Paul's mind.
“It would seem most reasonable to begin from the assumption that memories of both experiences are fresh in his mind.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The authenticity of Paul's harsh words about the perpetrators of Christian suffering in Judaea in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16.
“Assuming, therefore, the authenticity of Paul's harsh words about the perpetrators of Christian suffering in Judaea, the second part of the paper attempted to assess the difficult question of their likely historical setting.”
Citations
Cites
Horbury, W. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511470424.017 · Cited by 18
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- [2]2. So again Holtz, Der erste Brief an die Thessalonicher, I 02 n.463; for a1tet9ero used of 'unbelievers', cf. Acts 14:2; 19:9; Rom. 10:21; 11:31; Heb. 11:31;
- [5]5. R. Penna, 'L'evolution de !'attitude de Paul envers les Juifs', in L 'Apotre Paul: Personnalite, Style, et Conception du Ministere, ed. A. Vanhoye (BETL 73; Leuven: University Press/Peeters, 1986), 390-421, at p. 419 and passim, who does not mention Rom. 15:31 ). 32 Richard, First and Second Thessalonians, 125-27. 33 Note 2 Ch. 36:16 ('They kept mocking the messengers of God, despising his words, and scoffing at his prophets, until the wrath of the Lord against his people became so great that there was no remedy') and cf. e.g. Ps. Sol. 8.4-22. Cf. further V it. Prop h. 1.1; 2.1; 3 .2, 16-19; 6.2;
- [6]6. I etc.; As c. /sa. 2. 1-11 and passim; also Acts 7:52; Heb. 11:32-38. On 'filling up the measure of their sins' cf. Dn. 8:23; Wis. 19:4; Ps.-Philo, LAB 26.13 (and contrast 2 Mac. 6:14). This general point is well illustrated in I. Broer, '"Antisemitismus" und Judenpolemik im Neuen Testament: Ein Beitrag zum besseren Verstiindnis von 1 Thess 2,14-16', BN 20 (1983), 59-91, I. Broer, '"Der ganze Zorn ist schon Uber sie gekommen": Bemerkungen zur Interpolationshypothese und zur Interpretation von I Thes 2,14-16', in The Thessalonian Correspondence, ed.
- [7]7. R.F. Collins (BETL 87; Louvain: University Press, 1990), 137-59 and Legasse, 'Paul et les Juifs d'apres I Thessaloniciens 2, 13-16', 584;
- [8]8. cf. also B.R. Gaventa, First and Second Thessalonians (Louisville: John Knox, 1998), 37 and earlier 0. Michel, 'Fragen zu I. Thessalonicher 2,14-16: AntijUdische Polemik bei Paulus', in Antijudaismus im Neuen Testament? 86 See the seminal treatments by Bacon, 'Wrath "Unto the Uttermost"' and S.E Johnson, 'Notes and Comments (I Thess 2: 16)', ATR 23 (1941), 173-76, preceded in significant respects by W. Grimm, 'Die Echtheit der Briefe an die Thessalonicher, gegen D. Baur's Angriff vertheidigt', TSK 23 (1850), 753-816, esp. 773-75 (
- [9]9. N.B. before him, Ventidius Cumanus had already been envisaged by J.A. Bengel, Gnomon Novi Testamenti, 3rd edn. (London: Nutt/Williams & Norgate, 1855), 324, first published in 1742). 87 Ant. 20.1 03-36; War 2.223-45. Note also the somewhat garbled account in Tacitus, Annals 12.54 (on which see e.g. E. Schiirer, A History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, ed. G. Vermes et al., Rev. edn., 3 (4) vols. (Edinburgh: T. & T. C1ark, 1973-86), 1.459-60 n.15). 88 Either 20,000 (Ant. 20.112) or more than 30,000 (War 2.227) died in the resulting stampede. 89 Ant. 20.112; cf. War 2.227. 100 So e.g. m. Bik. 3.4 (par. t. Bik. 2.8; y. Bik. 3.4, 65b); m. So.tah 7.6 (par. t. So.tah 7.8; y. So_tah 7.7, 22a; b. So.tah 40b-4la); cf. t. Pesa/:1. 4.15; y. Seqal. 5.2, 48d; Sipre Deut.157.3; Lev. R. 3.5 (1.17). 101 See e.g. Josephus's favourable description in Ant. 19.328-34; cf. also Philo Flacc. 27-28, 30, 103 for Agrippa's enthusiastic welcome by the Jews of Alexandria as early as AD 38, when he was returning from Rome to take up his new kingdom in northern Palestine. Cf. Barclay, Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora, 52, 295 on the latter incident. 102'?t:~itv' •t:~J1tv: a common critical euphemism for Israel (when misguided or rebellious). 103 Quite possibly an intentional pun to link with an originally independent tradition (so also Schwartz, Agrippa 1: The Last King of Judaea, 171 n.89, citing R. Edels and J.M. Baumgarten). I 04 B. So.tah 41 b; cf. t. So_tah 7 .16. 10 5 For a more agnostic view of this tradition see Schwartz, Agrippa 1: The Last King of Judaea, 160-62, although his summary on pp. I 70-71 seems more sanguine. 106 Agrippa's activities outside Jerusalem certainly cast doubt on the sincerity of his Jewish devotion. Like his grandfather Herod, he pursued grand architectural schemes that made no secret of his love of Graeco-Roman culture. Thus, he constructed a theatre, amphitheatre, baths and porticoes at Berytus (Beirut), where he also sponsored games and spectacles including a gladiatorial display in which I ,400 criminals were compelled to slaughter each other (Ant. 19.335-37). He erected statues of his daughters at Caesarea (Ant. 19.357}, and minted coins picturing the pigs used in sacrifices in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (see Ibid., 13 I and n. 97). His official designation included the stereotypical, but in this context no less striking epithets 'friend of Caesar' (cf. Jn. 19: 12) and 'friend ofthe Romans' (~acnA.ei>c; ILEyac; c!ltA.Ox:atoap ei>oe~itc; x:ai. c!ltA.oproiLawc;): see OGIS 419, discussed in SchUrerNermes, A History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, 1.452. 107 Suetonius, Claudius 25.4; cf. Acts 18:2. The two most detailed recent chronological studies, Riesner, Paul's Early Period, 157-201 and H. Botermann, Das Judenedikt des Kaisers Claudius: Romischer Staat und Christiani im 1. Jahrhundert (Hermes Einzelschriften 71; Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1996), 44-140 and passim, both resolve the chronological problems clearly in favour of dating the Edict in AD 49. Cf. also Barclay, Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora, 303-306. 108 So e.g. Bammel, 'Judenverfolgung und Naherwartung', 295-30 I, 306; Best, Commentary, 120;
- [13]13. Contrast writers like Walker, Jesus and the Holy City, e.g. 116-19, 144-51; and see n. 40 above. In addition to passages like Gal. 4:25, 29; 6:12, 16 and Rom. 15:31 cited earlier, see above all Rom. 9:4-5, 33; 11 :25-29; 15:16, 19, 25-27; also 1 Cor. 16:1, 8; 2 Cor. 8:4, 14; 9:1. Note further the expectation of the Antichrist's usurpation of the (Jerusalem) Temple, d~ tov vaov tou Otoou, in 2 Thes. 2:4 (whether authentic or not). Even passages like Eph. 2: 14-15, 19-21 make sense only as a variation on this theme.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Riesner, R. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781444395778.ch1 · Cited by 1
Kessler, E., & Wenborn, N. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009292146.003
Novenson, M. V. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009292146.004
Constructing and Experiencing Jewish Identity
Blumenthal, R. A., Herskowitz, D. M., Mayerhofer, K., et al. (2022) · doi:10.30965/9783657708406
Metadata
- Authors
- Bockmuehl, M.
- Corresponding author
- Bockmuehl, Markus
- ORCID
- Bockmuehl, Markus
- Venue
- Tyndale Bulletin
- Publisher
- Tyndale House
- Published
- 2001-05-01
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 0082-7118 (ISSN-L)
- 2752-7042
- OpenAlex
- W4206306202
- Semantic Scholar
- e60e9f915c9b2b1268a0065371737c04bf02119e
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tyndale Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Religion, Theology, History, Judaism, Christianity
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Classical Antiquity Studies
- Keywords
- Jerusalem church, Agrippa I, Claudius, Josephus, rabbinic literature, Epistle to the Galatians, early Christianity
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