AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Hip Fractures in the Elderly

Abstract

Hip fractures are seen in many orthopaedic practices. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Clinical Practice Guideline Management of Hip Fractures in the Elderly is a summary of the available literature designed to help guide the surgeon and other qualified physicians in the management of this condition. The full document is available online at http://www.aaos.org/research/guidelines/HipFxGuideline.pdf. The following case presentation highlights how these guidelines can be helpful to the clinician when deciding the course of treatment. History and Physical Examination An 81-year-old woman presents to the emergency department after slipping on the ice in her driveway. She reports right hip pain and an inability to bear weight. She has no prior history of hip pain and is ambulatory with the use of a cane. She lives with her husband and performs all activities of daily living independently. Her medical history includes mild senile dementia, hypertension, stable coronary artery disease, and a history of transient ischemic attack. She is currently on low-dose aspirin, clopidogrel, metoprolol, lisinopril, and pravastatin. Physical examination of the right hip shows a positive log roll test and demonstrates pain with range of motion. The patient’s right leg is flexed and shortened. The skin over the hip and thigh is intact with no abrasions, and the knee and ankle are non-tender, with pain-free range of motion. The leg is also neurovascularly intact with good sensation, capillary refill, and pulses in the foot. Radiographs demonstrate a displaced subcapital femoral neck fracture of the right hip (Figure 1). The patient receives an ultrasound-guided fascia iliacus regional nerve block in the emergency department for pain control and is admitted to the hospital for treatment of her hip fracture. Preoperative traction is not used (per the AAOS guideline, “moderate evidence does not support routine use of preoperative traction for patients with a hip fracture”), but the patient is placed on bed rest with use of intermittent pneumatic compression devices. Adequate pain relief is achieved with acetaminophen following the administration of a regional block, which was used to minimize the risk of delirium.1,2 The patient is evaluated by the medicine service; it is determined that she is at acceptable risk for surgery. It is recommended that surgery not be delayed despite the patient’s use of aspirin and clopidrogrel.3 (The AAOS guideline states that “limited evidence supports not delaying hip fracture surgery for patients on aspirin and/or clopidogrel.”)Figure 1: Preoperative AP (A) and lateral (B) radiographs of the right hip of a patient demonstrating a displaced subcapital femoral neck fracture.The orthopaedic surgeon has a discussion with the patient and family regarding the overall long-term prognosis of possible decreased mobility and independence as a result of the hip fracture. The discussion also includes the possibility of mortality. After considering nonsurgical treatment measures, the patient makes an informed decision to proceed with surgery based on the quality of life and mobility benefits associated with this method of treatment. The surgeon also discusses with the patient the option of a total hip arthroplasty for the benefit of improved function and long-term results.4 Following consideration of the patient’s relatively low functional demands and lack of pre-existing hip arthritis, as well as the surgeon’s relative inexperience with performing total hip arthroplasty, the decision is made to proceed with hemiarthroplasty because the merits of a more complicated and expensive procedure do not outweigh the associated inherent risks. (The Academy guideline states that “moderate evidence supports a benefit to total hip arthroplasty in properly selected patients with unstable [displaced] femoral neck fractures.”) Management It is decided to have the patient proceed to surgery on the day of admission because of the improved mobility and mortality outcomes associated with early surgery.5 (Moderate evidence indicates that hip fracture surgery within 48 hours of admission is associated with better outcomes.) The anesthesiologist and patient decide on a general anesthetic after discussing the relative risks and benefits of both local and general anesthetic techniques, as well as the similar outcomes. The patient has a history of difficult spinal anesthesia because of lumbar spine disease. (The AAOS Guideline strongly recommends the use of regional anesthesia “unless a clear and compelling rationale for an alternative approach is present,” which is the situation in this case.) The patient undergoes cemented unipolar hemiarthroplasty without complications.6,7 The surgeon performs an anterolateral approach to minimize the risk of dislocation.8 (Per the guideline, “moderate evidence supports higher dislocation rates with a posterior approach.”) Postoperative radiographs demonstrate good position of the p