The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Causation in Civil Law and the Problems of Transparency in AI
Abstract
Although a number of European Union legal documents require AI to be transparent, this is frequently not the case. Such opacity can be attributed to a diverse range of causes, ranging from so called ‘black box’ algorithms, trade secrets and patents, to the cognitive barriers of non-professionals. Transparency, in contrast, is, in many cases, indispensable for establishing generic or specific causation in deciding civil law cases, especially within the scope of contractual or tort liability. Therefore, the concept of causation applied in various parts of civil law should be rethought, and some remedies for this problem should be adopted.
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“The issue of secrecy seems to be most problematic at the intersection of traditional causation tests and AI systems whose decision-making processes are not entirely explicable (Wojtczak & Księżak, 2021).”
From Causation in AI Tort Litigation: Legal Dilemmas of Algorithmic Black Boxes and Burden of Proof Allocation (2025) · cites this paper as Wojtczak & Księżak, 2021
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Lidén, M. (2023) · Science & Justice · doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2023.12.001 · Cited by 3
Ma, J. (2025) · Legal Compliance · doi:10.63808/lc.v1i2.127 · Cited by 1
“The issue of secrecy seems to be most problematic at the intersection of traditional causation tests and AI systems whose decision-making processes are not entirely explicable (Wojtczak & Księżak, 2021).”
Księżak, P., & Wojtczak, S. (2023) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19447-4_11 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSteel, S. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108980197.010 · Cited by 4
Księżak, P., & Wojtczak, S. (2023) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19447-4_3
Self-citationKsiężak, P., & Wojtczak, S. (2023) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19447-4_7
Self-citationFonseca, A. K. D. S. (2022) · Revista da Faculdade de Direito Universidade de São Paulo · doi:10.11606/issn.2318-8235.v117p357-376
AI Advancement in Civil Law Contract Regulation for Vitro Fertilization Provision
Choudhury, S., Joyirsiram, Frederick, S., Bannatti, A. A., Rahunathn, L., & Purohit, K. C. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (IC2PCT) · doi:10.1109/ic2pct60090.2024.10486660
Lim, E., & Morgan, P. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108980197.004
The Impact of the EU AI Act’s Transparency Requirements on AI Innovation
Holst, L., Mayer, V., Lämmermann, L., Urbach, N., & Wendt, D. H. (2026) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08480-4_10
Капустник, В. В. (2026) · Access to Justice in Eastern Europe · doi:10.33327/ajee-18-9.4-a0002009
Metadata
- Authors
- Wojtczak, S., & Księżak, P.
- Venue
- European Review of Private Law
- Publisher
- Kluwer Law International BV
- Published
- 2021-09-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- Issue 4
- Pages
- 561-582
- ISSN
- 0928-9801 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4285369391
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 13.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Review of Private Law/Revue européenne de droit privé/Europäische Zeitschrift für Privatrecht (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Law › European and International Contract Law
- Social Sciences › Law › Artificial Intelligence in Law
- Keywords
- causation (law), AI transparency, artificial intelligence, civil law, black-box algorithms, trade secrets, patents, contractual liability, tort liability, European Union law, legal remedies
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