The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 7 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes
Open accessAbstract
Through survey and interview, this study examined perceptions of spiritual formation assessment in P-12 Christian schools.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings show that there are currently gaps and needs between: (1) mission and vision statements regarding spiritual formation and what is being practiced”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(5) the desire for better assessment methods for this task”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“assessments generally focus on the student, rather than on the school”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Introduction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our research demonstrates that such formation is often not regularly assessed effectively”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(2) biblical integration both in content and in pedagogy”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A few participants indicated they had yet to find adequate instruments, as survey Participant 109, an administrator at a K-12 school indicated,”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Assessment Methods
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of interview participants indicated that the integration of faith and learning is important in Christian schooling.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Biblical Integration
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was a significant discrepancy between intention and action”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Gap Between Mission and Practice
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, 67% of interview participants mentioned biblical integration as important for spiritual formation.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Biblical Integration
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, 67% of survey participants also indicated that measuring the heart proved to be challenging.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > "You Can't Measure the Heart"
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(4) some individuals educators not knowing how or reluctant to measure the heart”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our research, spiritual formation is often linked with relationshipgrounded discipleship through connections with teachers, coaches, and mentors”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Literature Review
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(3) godly relationships with students as an indispensable key in the formation of students spiritually”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant majority (93%) of survey participants and 100% of interview participants indicated their foundational documents include language related to the spiritual formation of students.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Gap Between Mission and Practice
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“underscoring the reality that a student's spiritual growth happens in a variety of ways.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Literature Review
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interviews indicated that teachers on the whole are qualified in terms of their content areas, but many note that it is challenging to find teachers who have studied and prepared to be a Christian teacher.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Relationship and Mentorship
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants noted the difficult task of appraising spiritual formation and the need for evaluation tools that are effective for this specific challenge.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > "You Can't Measure the Heart"
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two-thirds of the interview participants discussed the role good teachers play in the process of spiritual formation and discipleship, and the preceding theme of biblical integration was a strong component.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Relationship and Mentorship
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“School leaders recognize the importance of nurturing relationships with students, but also acknowledge that finding those Christian educators who are willing and able to do the work is a challenge.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Relationship and Mentorship
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though the majority of survey participants and all of the interview participants indicated their schools attempted to assess spiritual formation”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Gap Between Mission and Practice
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, both survey and interview participants found it difficult to adequately define how spiritual formation should be assessed and whether or not the assessment of spiritual formation ought to be a regular part of the life of a school.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Gap Between Mission and Practice
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some schools employed a variety of instruments, both quantitative and qualitative, most participants remained dissatisfied with the measurement devices that are currently available.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Assessment Methods
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some participants questioned whether or not the school ought to be assessing spiritual formation”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Gap Between Mission and Practice
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When asked to describe the difficulties schools encountered when assessing the spiritual formation of students, participants identified the difficult task of assessing a category such as spiritual formation that does not necessarily provide measurable data.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > "You Can't Measure the Heart"
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most agreed that it was an important component of the life of a school.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Gap Between Mission and Practice
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The respondents in our interviews talked about both an integration of biblical truth with academic content areas and weaving together biblical principles of behavior and virtue into pedagogical practices.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Biblical Integration
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, participants indicated the time involved in the process was also prohibitive, as a participant noted,”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Assessment Methods
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As one example of the usefulness of these five steps to guide programmatic change, one of our interviews was with the principal of an international school who told us they had recently used qualitative research to assess their chapel program's effectiveness in light of their mission.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, many discussed their dissatisfaction with quantitative measures and their desire to find qualitative methods that might be better suited for the task and connected to the mission and purpose of their school.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of participants recognized the need for the assessment of spiritual formation, both from the official documents governing their institutions, as well as accountability to accrediting agencies.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, some indicated the need for further training of teachers in order to ensure competence in this area.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants even indicated that the assessment of spiritual formation was an inappropriate role for the school to take on, and ought to be left to the church.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most admitted that while they were competent at assessing content-related items, their schools struggled to assess spiritual formation in authentic ways, leaving gaps between their stated mission and practice.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Formation involves many different people, daily and hourly interactions in innumerable places, and the educator's own spiritual pedagogical growth and maturity.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Introduction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The role of the teacher as a spiritual guide and example is a key to success”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Literature Review
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial coding of the open-ended survey data was conducted by the researchers (the authors of this report) independently, by marking the text with colored coded tags and keywords.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Coding and Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these statistics are general, in the sense that an individual school does not know how they compare with the outcomes in their particular category, but the research may help.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Literature Review
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This perceived difficulty becomes even more acute if educators begin to think they are measuring or grading the hearts of students.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > "You Can't Measure the Heart"
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A school can emphasize respect, for instance, but if students are treated disrespectfully, the words can fall on deaf ears.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Literature Review
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Expressive morality emphasizes the reality that actions speak louder than words.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Literature Review
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jackson et al. (1993)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Jackson (2000, 2011)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If students are to grow spiritually, teachers also need to be growing in grace, wisdom, and understanding.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Literature Review
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, biblical integration is a comprehensive concept in life and work, and in teaching and learning.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Biblical Integration
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This iterative process of examining and merging codes allowed for the triangulation of data, resulting in the identification of key themes common among all participants.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Teacher relationships with student
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Growing faith in students is marked by heart orientation, relationships, and spiritual disciplines”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Literature Review
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ASCI, 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without a consistent biblical framework for teaching and learning, the positive benefits of spiritual formation within students may be minimized.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Literature Review
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data gained through this process can help a school determine whether or not its programs, structures, and priorities are facilitating the spiritual formation that its mission and purpose statements articulate.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also possible that the participants willing to be interviewed for this study were those who already took an interest in the assessment of spiritual formation within their schools, thereby potentially biasing the results.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While surveys were open to all school employees, the interviews were limited to heads of schools.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Jackson et al. (1993) and Jackson (2000Jackson ( , 2011) ) were early advocates of moral practice in the classroom, the most significant of which is what they call”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jackson et al., 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Jackson, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Jackson, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The heart of the matter is indeed the matter of the heart, not in assessing student spirituality, but rather in determining, for example, if a school's chapel program is helping or hurting.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the study was conducted with a relatively small purposive sample.”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantitative tools, our research demonstrates, tend to”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our research supports the importance of healthy relationships, mentoring, and”
§ Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Assessing Spiritual Formation: Perceptions of Challenges and Successes Successes > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jackson et al., 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
There are new reaccreditation requirements for some schools related to spiritual formation.
“Relatedly, there are new reaccreditation requirements for some schools related to spiritual formation, so the need for plans and strategies that fit their school and mission have increased.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported perceptions accurately reflect their schools' practices and assessment of spiritual formation.
“This study examined P-12 school personnel's perceptions of spiritual formation within their own Christian schools.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The survey and interview participants are representative of P-12 Christian school personnel or heads of schools.
“In total, 184 responses were received to the survey.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Spiritual formation can be assessed.
“Pursuing the important work of regularly assessing spiritual formation is daunting, but a task that offers rich rewards for a school.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is little published regarding the nature of spiritual formation assessment from the perspective of those working in schools.
“However, the findings add to the current literature since there is little published regarding the nature of spiritual formation assessment from the perspective of those working in schools.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting source for the Flourishing Student Assessment
MinorThe prose attributes the Flourishing Student Assessment to Wheaton Press, but Table 1 cites Faith Journey for the entry that includes it.
“the Global Student Assessment and Flourishing Student Assessment (Wheaton Press, n.d.)”
“Global Student Assessment; Flourishing Student Assessment (Faith Journey, n.d.)”
Conflicting source for the Practicing Faith Survey
MinorThe prose cites Practicing Faith for this survey, while Table 1 cites Wheaton Press.
“the Practicing Faith Survey (Practicing Faith, n.d.)”
“Practicing Faith Survey (Wheaton Press, n.d.)”
Citations
Cites
(2013) · Cited by 12,072
Designing Qualitative Research
McQuarrie, E. F., Marshall, C. M., & Rossman, G. (1990) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3172595 · Cited by 6,058
The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research
(2009) · Qualitative Market Research An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13522750910948815 · Cited by 2,359
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-5026 · Cited by 328
The Divine Conspiracy : Rediscovering Our Hidden Life in God
(1998) · Cited by 167
Comenius : a critical reassessment of his life and work
(1995) · Cited by 40
On Christian Teaching: Practicing Faith in the Classroom
(2019) · doi:10.1177/2056997118811832 · Cited by 34
- Self-citation
(2018)
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [9]9. Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2015). How to design and evaluate research in the classroom. McGraw-Hill Education.
- [11]11. Graham, D. (2023). Teaching redemptively: Bringing grace and truth into your classroom (3rd ed.). Purposeful Design.
- [17]17. Jackson, P. (2000). Life in classrooms. Teachers College Press.
- [18]18. Jackson, P. (2011). What is education? University of Chicago Press.
- [27]27. Wheaton Press. (n.d.). The flourishing student assessment. Wheaton Press. https://www.wheatonpress.com/flourishing- student-assessmenttrade.html
- [29]29. Zigarelli, M. (2023). A typology of Christian discipleship methods, Part 2. Christian Scholars Review, January 6, 2023.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lasallian Spirituality and Well-Being Among Junior and Senior High School Teachers
Ibañez, J. (2026) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.600606
Integrative Educational Outcomes: A Mixed Methods Study of Online Versus On-Ground Methods
Elacqua, T. C., Sheafer, V., & Morgan, A. (2026) · Christian Higher Education · doi:10.1080/15363759.2026.2703765 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Bagby, A. H., & Drexler, J.
- Affiliations
- Covenant College (US)
- Venue
- International Christian Community of Teacher Educators Journal
- Publisher
- George Fox University Libraries
- Published
- 2023-12-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1932-7846 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4389270395
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Christian Community of Teacher Educators Journal (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Contemporary Christian Leadership and Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Values and Moral Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Religious Education and Schools
- Keywords
- spiritual formation, Christian schools, P-12 education, biblical integration, school vision and mission, qualitative evaluation, educator perceptions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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