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Cited by 65Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesNeuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical InnovationsTraumatic Brain Injury Research

Cognitive enhancement in neurological and psychiatric disorders using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): A review of modalities, potential mechanisms and future implications

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Kim, Tammy D., Hong, Gahae, Kim, Jungyoon, Yoon, Sujung·2019·Experimental Neurobiology
DOI 10.5607/en.2019.28.1.1PMC PMC6401552
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Abstract

Cognitive enhancement refers to the improvement of cognitive function related to deficits that occurred as part of a certain illness. However, the term cognitive enhancement does not yet have a definitive meaning, and its connotations often vary depending on the research of interest. Recently, research interests are growing towards enhancing human cognition beyond what has traditionally been considered necessary using various brain devices. The phenomenon of exceeding the cognitive abilities of individuals who are already functional has also introduced new terminologies as means to classify between cognitive enhancing procedures that are part of treatment versus simply supplementary. Of the many devices used to attain cognitive enhancement, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a unique neurostimulatory device that has demonstrated significant improvements in various cognitive domains including memory and cognitive processing skills. While many studies have supported the safety and efficacy of TMS in treatment, there has yet to be an optimization in parameter for TMS that is catered to a certain target group. The current paper aims to review with perspective the many studies that have used TMS for the purpose of cognitive enhancement and provide further insight on the development of an optimal stimulation parameter. The paper reviews 41 peer-reviewed articles that used TMS for cognitive enhancement, summarizes the findings that were apparent for each distinct parameter, and discusses future directions regarding TMS as an elective tool for healthy individuals while considering some of the ethical perspectives that may be warranted.

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  • Evidence for pro-cognitive effects of TMS is limited and mixed, especially for MCI, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.

    “However, evidence is limited and mixed, especially for MCI, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (see Iimori et al., 2019 andKim et al., 2019 for reviews of modalities, mechanisms, and limitations).”

    From Neurocognitive effects of theta burst stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in adults: A systematic review and recommendations for future research (2025) · cites this paper as Kim et al., 2019

    The Conclusions (page not provided) describe studies with no significant cognitive improvement, including in schizophrenia, and call for further clinical trials. The review also discusses mild cognitive impairment and says few studies assess cognition as a primary outcome. It does not establish that evidence is especially limited or mixed for MCI, and the passages found do not address bipolar disorder. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kim, T. D., Hong, G., Kim, J., & Yoon, S.
Affiliations
Ewha Womans University (KR)
Corresponding author
Yoon, Sujung
ORCID
Venue
Experimental Neurobiology
Publisher
The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Science
Published
2019-02-28
Volume
28
Issue
1
Pages
1-16
ISSN
  • 1226-2560 (ISSN-L)
  • 2093-8144
DOI
10.5607/en.2019.28.1.1
PMC
PMC6401552
OpenAlex
W2921831749
Cited by
65
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2
FWCI
0.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 (tdm)
Locations
  • Experimental Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2015M3C7A1028373, 2015M3C7A1028376)
  • National Fire Agency (MPSS-Fire Fighting Safety-2016-86)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords
transcranial magnetic stimulation, cognitive enhancement, neurological disorders, mental illness, memory enhancement, cognitive processes, stimulation parameters, neurostimulation, healthy individuals, ethics of cognitive enhancement

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