Richard Paul’s Contributions to the Field of Critical Thinking and to the Establishment of First Principles of in Critical thinking
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Paul and Elder's critical thinking framework conceptualises critical thinking through intellectual standards and traits, including clarity, relevance, significance, accuracy, depth, perseverance, and intellectual autonomy.
“Second, Paul and Elder's critical thinking framework conceptualises critical thinking through intellectual standards and traits, including clarity, relevance, significance, accuracy, depth, perseverance, and intellectual autonomy (Paul & Elder, 1999; Elder, 2016).”
From Between Co-Intelligence and Cognitive Offloading: Educators’ Perspectives from Dutch Academic Medical Settings on Generative AI, Critical Thinking, and Adult Professional Learning (2026) · cites this paper as Elder, 2016
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Bruijn, K., & Vlachopoulos, D. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16091470
- Authors
- Elder, L., & Philosophy Documentation Center
- Venue
- Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines
- Publisher
- Philosophy Documentation Center
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-33
- ISSN
- 1093-1082
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 0
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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