Statistics for experimenters: design, innovation, and discovery

Abstract

Preface to the Second Edition. Chapter 1. Catalizing the Generation of Knowledge. 1.1. The Learning Process. 1.2. Important Considerations. 1.3. The Experimenter's Problem and Statistical Methods. 1.4. A Typical Investigation. 1.5. How to Use Statistical Techniques. References and Further Reading. Chapter 2. Basics: Probability, Parameters and Statistics. 2.1. Experimental Error. 2.2. Distributions. 2.3. Statistics and Parameters. 2.4. Measures of Location and Spread. 2.5. The Normal Distribution. 2.6. Normal Probability Plots. 2.7. Randomness and Random Variables. 2.8. Covariance and Correlation as Measures of Linear Dependence. 2.9. Student's t Distribution. 2.10. Estimates of Parameters. 2.11. Random Sampling from a Normal Population. 2.12. The Chi-Square and F Distributions. 2.13. The Binomial Distribution. 2.14. The Poisson Distribution. Appendix 2A. Mean and Variance of Linear Combinations of Observations. References and Further Reading. Chapter 3. Comparing Two Entities: Relevant Reference Distributions, Tests and Confidence Intervals. 3.1. Relevant Reference Sets and Distributions. 3.2. Randomized Paired Comparison Design: Boys' Shoes Example. 3.3. Blocking and Randomization. 3.4. Reprise: Comparison, Replication, Randomization, and Blocking in Simple Experiments. 3.5. More on Significance Tests. 3.6. Inferences About Data that are Discrete: Binomial Distribution. 3.7. Inferences about Frequencies (Counts Per Unit): The Poisson Distribution. 3.8. Contingency Tables and Tests of Association. Appendix 3A. Comparison of the Robustness of Tests to Compare Two Entities. Appendix 3B. Calculation of reference distribution from past data. References and Further Reading. Chapter 4. Comparing a Number of Entities: Randomized Blocks and Latin Squares. 4.1. Comparing k Treatments in a Fully Randomized Design. 4.2. Randomized Block Designs. 4.3. A Preliminary Note on Split-Plot Experiments and their Relationship to Randomized Blocks. 4.4. More than one blocking component: Latin Squares. 4.5. Balanced Incomplete Block Designs. Appendix 4A. The Rationale for the Graphical ANOVA. Appendix 4B. Some Useful Latin Square, Graeco-Latin Square, and Hyper-Graeco-Latin Square Designs. References and Further Reading. Chapter 5. Factorial Designs at Two Levels: Advantages of Experimental Design. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Example 1: The Effects of Three Factors (Variables) on Clarity of Film. 5.3. Example 2: The Effects of Three Factors on Three Physical Properties of a Polymer Solution. 5.4. A 23 Factorial Design: Pilot Plant Investigation. 5.5. Calculation of Main Effects. 5.6. Interaction Effects. 5.7. Genuine Replicate Runs. 5.8. Interpretation of Results. 5.9. The Table of Contrasts. 5.10. Misuse of the ANOVA for 2k Factorial Experiments. 5.11. Eyeing the Data. 5.12. Dealing with More Than One Response: A Pet Food Experiment. 5.13. A 24 Factorial Design: Process Development Study. 5.14. Analysis Using Normal and Lenth Plots. 5.15. Other Models for Factorial Data. 5.16. Blocking the 2k Factorial Designs. 5.17. Learning by Doing. 5.18. Summary. Appendix 5A. Blocking Larger Factorial Designs. Appendix 5B. Partial Confounding. References and Further Reading. Chapter 6. Fraction Factorial Designs: Economy in Experimentation. 6.1. Effects of Five Factors on Six Properties of Films in Eight Runs. 6.2. Stability of New Product, Four Factors in Eight Runs, a 24 1 Design. 6.3. A Half-Fraction Example: The Modification of a Bearing. 6.4. The Anatomy of the Half Fraction. 6.5. The 27 4III Design: A Bicycle Example. 6.6. Eight-Run Designs. 6.7. Using Table 6.6: An Illustration. 6.8. Sign Switching, Foldover, and Sequential Assembly. 6.9. An Investigation Using Multiple-Column Foldover. 6.10. Increasing Design Resolution from III to IV by Foldover. 6.11. Sixteen-Run Designs. 6.12. The 25 1 Nodal Half Replicate of the 25 Factorial: Reactor Example. 6.13. The 28 4 IV Nodal Sixteenth Fraction of a 28 Factorial. 6.14. The 215 11 III Nodal Design: The Sixty-Fourth Fraction of the 215 Factorial. 6.15. Constructing Other Two-Level Fractions. 6.16. Elimination of Block Effects. References and Further Reading. Chapter 7. Other Fractionals, Analysis and Choosing Follow-up Runs. 7.1. Plackett and Burman Designs. 7.2. Choosing Follow-Up Runs. 7.3. Justifications for the Use of Fractionals. Appendix 7A. Technical Details. Appendix 7B. An Approximate Partial Analysis for PB Designs. Appendix 7C. Hall's Orthogonal Designs. References and Further Reading. Chapter 8. Factorial Designs and Data Transformation. 8.1. A Two-Way (Factorial) Design. 8.2. Simplification and Increased Sensitivity from Transformation. Appendix 8A. Rationale for Data Transformation. Appendix 8B. Bartlett's chi2nu for Testing Inhomogeneity of Variance. References and Further Reading. Chapter 9. Multiple Sources of Variation: Split Plot Designs, Variance Components and Error Transmission. 9.1. Split-Plot Designs, Variance Components, and Error Transmission. 9.2. Split-Plot Designs.