The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; none of the 117 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
Open accessAbstract
The Summary for Policymakers (SPM) of the Synthesis Report (SYR) of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is a component of the SYR which provides a policy-relevant but policy-neutral summary of the SYR. It is consistent with the Sections of the SYR and is approved line by line by the Governments at a plenary session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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Claims the paper makes
117 Sources not found · 66 Own interpretation · 66 No basis given · 9 Own result · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
In the paper
“Global surface temperature was 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20]°C 5 higher in 2011-2020 than 1850-1900 6 , with larger increases over land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83]°C) than over the ocean (0.88 [0.68 to 1.01]°C).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In all regions increases in extreme heat events have resulted in human mortality and morbidity (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Global mean sea level increased by 0.20 [0.15 to 0.25] m between 1901 and 2018.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“In 2019, atmospheric CO 2 concentrations (410 parts per million) were higher than at any time in at least 2 million years (high confidence), and concentrations of methane (1866 parts per billion) and nitrous oxide (332 parts per billion) were higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Emissions reductions in CO 2 -FFI due to improvements in energy intensity of GDP and carbon intensity of energy, have been less than emissions increases from rising global activity levels in industry, energy supply, transport, agriculture and buildings.(high confidence) {2.1.1}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ocean warming and ocean acidification have adversely affected food production from fisheries and shellfish aquaculture in some oceanic regions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Between 2010 and 2020, human mortality from floods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low vulnerability.(high confidence) {2.1.2,4.4}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,4.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Average annual GHG emissions during 2010-2019 were higher than in any previous decade on record, while the rate of growth between 2010 and 2019 (1.3% yr -1 ) was lower than that between 2000 and 2009 (2.1% yr -1 ).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Evidence of observed changes in extremes such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones, and, in particular, their attribution to human influence, has further strengthened since AR5.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1, Table 2.1, Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the least to current climate change are disproportionately affected (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1, Table 2.1, Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Human-caused climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1, Table 2.1, Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In 2019, atmospheric CO 2 concentrations (410 parts per million) were higher than at any time in at least 2 million years (high confidence), and concentrations of methane (1866 parts per billion) and nitrous oxide (332 parts per billion) were higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Regions and people with considerable development constraints have high vulnerability to climatic hazards.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,4.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Over this period, it is likely that well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs) contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C 8 , and other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural (solar and volcanic) drivers changed global surface temperature by -0.1°C to +0.1°C, and internal variability changed it by -0.2°C to +0.2°C.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Approximately 3.3 to 3.6 billion people live in contexts that are highly vulnerable to climate change.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,4.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“This has led to widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages to nature and people (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1, Table 2.1, Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“In 2019, atmospheric CO 2 concentrations (410 parts per million) were higher than at any time in at least 2 million years (high confidence), and concentrations of methane (1866 parts per billion) and nitrous oxide (332 parts per billion) were higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Average annual GHG emissions during 2010-2019 were higher than in any previous decade on record, while the rate of growth between 2010 and 2019 (1.3% yr -1 ) was lower than that between 2000 and 2009 (2.1% yr -1 ).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Observed increases in well-mixed GHG concentrations since around 1750 are unequivocally caused by GHG emissions from human activities over this period.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Global surface temperature has increased faster since 1970 than in any other 50-year period over at least the last 2000 years (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have much lower per capita emissions (1.7 tCO 2 -eq and 4.6 tCO 2 -eq, respectively) than the global average (6.9 tCO 2 -eq), excluding CO 2 -LULUCF.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1,Figure 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Over this period, it is likely that well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs) contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C 8 , and other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural (solar and volcanic) drivers changed global surface temperature by -0.1°C to +0.1°C, and internal variability changed it by -0.2°C to +0.2°C.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Global surface temperature was 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20]°C 5 higher in 2011-2020 than 1850-1900 6 , with larger increases over land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83]°C) than over the ocean (0.88 [0.68 to 1.01]°C).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Roughly half of the world's population currently experience severe water scarcity for at least part of the year due to a combination of climatic and non-climatic drivers (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Although overall agricultural productivity has increased, climate change has slowed this growth over the past 50 years globally (medium confidence), with related negative impacts mainly in midand low latitude regions but positive impacts in some high latitude regions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Over this period, it is likely that well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs) contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C 8 , and other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural (solar and volcanic) drivers changed global surface temperature by -0.1°C to +0.1°C, and internal variability changed it by -0.2°C to +0.2°C.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Human influence was very likely the main driver of these increases since at least 1971.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Human and ecosystem vulnerability are interdependent.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,4.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Over this period, it is likely that well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs) contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C 8 , and other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural (solar and volcanic) drivers changed global surface temperature by -0.1°C to +0.1°C, and internal variability changed it by -0.2°C to +0.2°C.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Global surface temperature in the first two decades of the 21 st century (2001-2020) was 0.99 [0.84 to 1.10]°C higher than 1850-1900.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The likely range of total human-caused global surface temperature increase from 1850-1900 to 2010-2019 7 is 0.8°C to 1.3°C, with a best estimate of 1.07°C.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“Growing public and political awareness of climate impacts and risks has resulted in at least 170 countries and many cities including adaptation in their climate policies and planning processes (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Current global financial flows for adaptation are insufficient for, and constrain implementation of, adaptation options, especially in developing countries (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is increased evidence of maladaptation in various sectors and regions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Effectiveness 15 of adaptation in reducing climate risks 16 is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Progress in adaptation planning and implementation has been observed across all sectors and regions, generating multiple benefits (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Adverse climate impacts can reduce the availability of financial resources by incurring losses and damages and through impeding national economic growth, thereby further increasing financial constraints for adaptation, particularly for developing and least developed countries (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Climate change has caused widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages 13 to nature and people that are unequally distributed across systems, regions and sectors.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Maladaptation is happening in some sectors and regions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Hard and soft limits to adaptation have been reached in some ecosystems and regions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Maladaptation especially affects marginalised and vulnerable groups adversely.(high confidence) {2.3.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In urban areas, observed climate change has caused adverse impacts on human health, livelihoods and key infrastructure.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Observed adverse impacts are concentrated amongst economically and socially marginalised urban residents.(high confidence) {2.1.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The intermediate GHG emissions scenario (SSP2-4.5)has CO 2 emissions remaining around current levels until the middle of the century.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Box.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some lowlying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“There are widening disparities between the estimated costs of adaptation and the finance allocated to adaptation (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Hot extremes have intensified in cities.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Economic damages from climate change have been detected in climate-exposed sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, fishery, energy, and tourism.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ecosystem-based adaptation 17 approaches such as urban greening, restoration of wetlands and upstream forest ecosystems have been effective in reducing flood risks and urban heat (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Policies and laws addressing mitigation have consistently expanded since AR5.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3, Figure 2.5, Table 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Adaptation options such as disaster risk management, early warning systems, climate services and social safety nets have broad applicability across multiple sectors (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Combinations of non-structural measures like early warning systems and structural measures like levees have reduced loss of lives in case of inland flooding (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In scenarios with increasing CO 2 emissions, natural land and ocean carbon sinks are projected to take up a decreasing proportion of these emissions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to relative sea level rise, current 1-in-100 year extreme sea level events are projected to occur at least annually in more than half of all tide gauge locations by 2100 under all considered scenarios (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With every additional increment of global warming, changes in extremes continue to become larger.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Global warming 28 will continue to increase in the near term (2021-2040) mainly due to increased cumulative CO 2 emissions in nearly all considered scenarios and modelled pathways.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Boxes 1 and 2, 3.1.1,3.3.4,Table 3.1, 4.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Multiple lines of evidence suggest that mitigation policies have led to several 24 Gt CO 2 -eq yr -1 of avoided global emissions (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.1, 2.2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Discernible differences in trends of global surface temperature between contrasting GHG emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 vs. SSP3-7.0and SSP5-8.5)would begin to emerge from natural variability 32 within around 20 years.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {3.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Policies implemented by the end of 2020 are projected to result in higher global GHG emissions in 2030 than emissions implied by NDCs, indicating an 'implementation gap' (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 3.1.1,Figure 2.5}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Financial flows have developed heterogeneously across regions and sectors (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“In the considered scenarios and modelled pathways, the best estimates of the time when the level of global warming of 1.5°C is reached lie in the near term 29 .”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Boxes 1 and 2, 3.1.1,3.3.4,Table 3.1, 4.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“increased ocean acidification (virtually certain)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With further warming, every region is projected to increasingly experience concurrent and multiple changes in climatic impact-drivers.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other projected regional changes include intensification of tropical cyclones and/or extratropical storms (medium confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Maintaining emission-intensive systems may, in some regions and sectors, be more expensive than transitioning to low emission systems.(high confidence) {2.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, Figure 2.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“These reductions have only partly offset global emissions growth (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.1, 2.2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“further global mean sea level rise (virtually certain)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and deoxygenation (high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Policy coverage is uneven across sectors (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 3.1.1,Figure 2.5}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other projected changes include further reduced extents and/or volumes of almost all cryospheric elements 34 (high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Global warming declines back to below 1.5°C by the end of the 21st century in some scenarios and modelled pathways (see B.7).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Boxes 1 and 2, 3.1.1,3.3.4,Table 3.1, 4.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The mix of policy instruments that reduced costs and stimulated adoption includes public R&D, funding for demonstration and pilot projects, and demand-pull instruments such as deployment subsidies to attain scale.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, Figure 2.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Public and private finance flows for fossil fuels are still greater than those for climate adaptation and mitigation (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement are supporting rising levels of national ambition.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.1, 2.2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continued global warming is projected to further intensify the global water cycle, including its variability, global monsoon precipitation, and very wet and very dry weather and”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“At least 18 countries have sustained absolute production-based GHG and consumption-based CO 2 reductions 25 for longer than 10 years.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.1, 2.2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Global modelled mitigation pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot or limit warming to 2°C (>67%) assuming immediate action imply deep global GHG emissions reductions this decade (high confidence) (see SPM Box 1, Table 1, B.6) 27 .”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.1, Table 2.2, Figure 2.5, Table 3.1, 4.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The adoption of low-emission technologies lags in most developing countries, particularly least developed ones, due in part to limited finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The internal variability of global surface temperature in a single year is estimated to be about ±0.25°C (5-95% range, high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {4.3, Cross-Section Box.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compound heatwaves and droughts are projected to become more frequent, including concurrent events across multiple locations (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Modelled pathways that are consistent with NDCs announced prior to COP26 until 2030 and assume no increase in ambition thereafter have higher emissions, leading to a median global warming of 2.8 [2.1 to 3.4] °C by 2100 (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.1, Table 2.2, Figure 2.5, Table 3.1, 4.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continued emissions will further affect all major climate system components.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Many regulatory and economic instruments have already been deployed successfully (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.1, 2.2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Without a strengthening of policies, global warming of 3.2 [2.2 to 3.5] °C is projected by 2100 (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 3.1.1,Figure 2.5}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A substantial 'emissions gap' exists between global GHG emissions in 2030 associated with the implementation of NDCs announced prior to COP26foot_0 and those associated with modelled mitigation pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot or limit warming to 2°C (>67%) assuming immediate action (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.1, Table 2.2, Figure 2.5, Table 3.1, 4.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of ecosystems and their services has cascading and long-term impacts on people globally, especially for Indigenous Peoples and local communities who are directly dependent on ecosystems to meet basic needs.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At sustained warming levels between 2°C and 3°C, the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets will be lost almost completely and irreversibly over multiple millennia, causing several metres of sea level rise (limited evidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risks are increasing with every increment of warming”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a decrease in food production in some regions (high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Natural variability will continue to modulate human-caused climate changes, either attenuating or amplifying projected changes, with little effect on centennial-scale global warming (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the last time global surface temperature was sustained at or above 2.5°C was over 3 million years ago”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 35
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, in modelled pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot, global methane emissions are reduced by 34 [21-57] % by 2030 relative to 2019.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > GHG emissions (high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“biodiversity loss in land, freshwater and ocean ecosystems (medium to very high confidence, depending on ecosystem)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Projected CO 2 emissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructure without additional abatement would exceed the remaining carbon budget for 1.5°C (50%) (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The likelihood and impacts of abrupt and/or irreversible changes in the climate system, including changes triggered when tipping points are reached, increase with further global warming (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Modelled pathways that assume using resources more efficiently or that shift global development towards sustainability include fewer challenges, such as less dependence on CDR and pressure on land and biodiversity.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > GHG emissions (high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Net zero GHG emissions, if sustained, are projected to result in a gradual decline in global surface temperatures after an earlier peak.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The projected increase in frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation (high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With every increment of global warming, regional changes in mean climate and extremes become more widespread and pronounced”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, net zero CO 2 is reached earlier than net zero GHGs (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > GHG emissions (high confidence).
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“eruptions with a radiative forcing more negative than -1 W m -2 , related to the radiative effect of volcanic stratospheric aerosols in the literature assessed in this report, occur on average twice per century.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 35
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {4.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the near term, every region in the world is projected to face further increases in climate hazards (medium to high confidence, depending on region and hazard)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CO 2 capture and subsurface injection is a mature technology for gas processing and enhanced oil recovery.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Future exposure to climatic hazards is increasing globally due to socio-economic development trends including migration, growing inequality and urbanisation.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hazards and associated risks expected in the near term include an increase in heat-related human mortality and morbidity (high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limiting global surface temperature does not prevent continued changes in climate system components that have multi-decadal or longer timescales of response (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea level rise is unavoidable for centuries to millennia due to continuing deep ocean warming and ice sheet melt, and sea levels will remain elevated for thousands of years (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the probability of low-likelihood outcomes associated with potentially very large adverse impacts increases with higher global warming levels.(high confidence)”
- Also stated in: § B.3.3 · plain
“The probability of low-likelihood outcomes associated with potentially very large impacts increases with higher global warming levels (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § B.3.3 · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For every 1000 GtCO 2 emitted by human activity, global surface temperature rises by 0.45°C (best estimate, with a likely range from 0.27°C to 0.63°C).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High risks are now assessed to occur at lower global warming levels”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and mental health challenges 36 (very high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2011-2020 was around 1.1°C warmer than 1850-1900”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 35
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The likelihood of abrupt and/or irreversible changes increases with higher global warming levels.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CCS is an option to reduce emissions from large-scale fossil-based energy and industry sources provided geological storage is available.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“increasing multiple risks to ecosystems and humans (very high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“flooding in coastal and other low-lying cities and regions (high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The probability and rate of ice mass loss increase with higher global surface temperatures (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is medium confidence that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation will not collapse abruptly before 2100”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Annual hottest day temperature is projected to increase most (1.5-2 times the GWL) in some mid-latitude and semi-arid regions, and in the South American Monsoon region.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impacts, risks, and co-benefits of CDR deployment for ecosystems, biodiversity and people will be highly variable depending on the method, site-specific context, implementation and scale (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Implemented policies result in projected emissions that lead to warming of 3.2°C, with a range of 2.2°C to 3.5°C (medium confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on a bottom-up assessment, this projected increase in electricity demand can be avoided through demand-side mitigation options in the domains of infrastructure use and socio-cultural factors that influence electricity usage in industry, land transport, and buildings (green arrow).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Projected cumulative future CO 2 emissions over the lifetime of existing and planned fossil fuel infrastructure, if historical operating patterns are maintained and without additional abatement 43 , are approximately equal to the remaining carbon budget for limiting warming to 2°C with a likelihood of 83% 44 (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accelerated climate action can also provide co-benefits (see also C.4) (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Global emission pathways that would limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot and also reach net zero GHG in the second half of the century do so between 2070-2075.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cost-benefit analysis remains limited in its ability to represent all avoided damages from climate change (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only a small number of the most ambitious global modelled pathways limit global warming to 1.5°C (>50%) by 2100 without exceeding this level temporarily.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mitigation and adaptation actions have more synergies than trade-offs with Sustainable Development Goals.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently, global rates of CCS deployment are far below those in modelled pathways limiting global warming to 1.5°C to 2°C.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2019 emissions were 12% higher than 2010”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot, and those that limit warming to 2°C (>67%), involve rapid and deep and, in most cases, immediate greenhouse gas emissions reductions in all sectors this decade.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even without accounting for all the benefits of avoiding potential damages, the global economic and social benefit of limiting global warming to 2°C exceeds the cost of mitigation in most of the assessed literature (medium confidence) 50 .”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Implementation of CCS currently faces technological, economic, institutional, ecological-environmental and socio-cultural barriers.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimates of future CO 2 emissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructures without additional abatement 42 already exceed the remaining carbon budget for limiting warming to 1.5°C (50%) (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The occurrence of individual years with global surface temperature change above a certain level does not imply that this global warming level has been reached.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {4.3, Cross-Section Box.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This would make it likely that warming will exceed 1.5°C during the 21st century (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.1, Table 2.2, Figure 2.5, Table 3.1, 4.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maladaptation can be avoided by flexible, multi-sectoral, inclusive, long-term planning and implementation of adaptation actions, with co-benefits to many sectors and systems.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For any given warming level, the level of risk will also depend on trends in vulnerability and exposure of humans and ecosystems.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With additional global warming, limits to adaptation and losses and damages, strongly concentrated among vulnerable populations, will become increasingly difficult to avoid (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limiting human-caused global warming requires net zero CO 2 emissions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Actions that focus on sectors and risks in isolation and on short-term gains often lead to maladaptation over the long term, creating lock-ins of vulnerability, exposure and risks that are difficult to change.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cryosphere-related changes in floods, landslides, and water availability have the potential to lead to severe consequences for people, infrastructure and the economy in most mountain regions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a large explosive volcanic eruption were to occur 35 , it would temporarily and partially mask human-caused climate change by reducing global surface temperature and precipitation for one to three years (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vulnerability of ecosystems will be strongly influenced by past, present, and future patterns of unsustainable consumption and production, increasing demographic pressures, and persistent unsustainable use and management of land, ocean, and water.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Human vulnerability will concentrate in informal settlements and rapidly growing smaller settlements.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Above 1.5°C of global warming, limited freshwater resources pose potential hard adaptation limits for small islands and for regions dependent on glacier and snow melt (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, afforestation or production of biomass crops can have adverse socio-economic and environmental impacts, including on biodiversity, food and water security, local livelihoods and the rights of Indigenous Peoples, especially if implemented at large scales and where land tenure is insecure.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > GHG emissions (high confidence).
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are potential synergies between sustainable development and, for instance, energy efficiency and renewable energy.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > GHG emissions (high confidence).
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As adaptation options often have long implementation times, long-term planning increases their efficiency.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effectiveness of adaptation, including ecosystem-based and most water-related options, will decrease with increasing warming.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea level rise is unavoidable for centuries to millennia due to continuing deep ocean warming and ice sheet melt, and sea levels will remain elevated for thousands of years (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, depending on the context 48 , biological CDR methods like reforestation, improved forest management, soil carbon sequestration, peatland restoration and coastal blue carbon management can enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions, employment and local livelihoods.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > GHG emissions (high confidence).
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The feasibility and effectiveness of options increase with integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that differentiate responses based on climate risk, cut across systems and address social inequities.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, deep, rapid, and sustained GHG emissions reductions would limit further sea level rise acceleration and projected long-term sea level rise commitment.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be necessary to achieve net negative CO 2 emissions (see B.6).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“will increase rain-generated local flooding (medium confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to deep uncertainty linked to ice-sheet processes, global mean sea level rise above the likely range -approaching 2 m by 2100 and in excess of 15 m by 2300 under the very high GHG emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5)(low confidence) -cannot be excluded.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, some hard-to-abate residual GHG emissions (e.g., some emissions from agriculture, aviation, shipping, and industrial processes) remain and would need to be counterbalanced by deployment of CDR methods to achieve net zero CO 2 or GHG emissions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > GHG emissions (high confidence).
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adaptation options that are feasible and effective today will become constrained and less effective with increasing global warming.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As adaptation options often have long implementation times, accelerated implementation of adaptation in this decade is important to close adaptation gaps (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse impacts that occur during this period of overshoot and cause additional warming via feedback mechanisms, such as increased wildfires, mass mortality of trees, drying of peatlands, and permafrost thawing, weakening natural land carbon sinks and increasing releases of GHGs would make the return more challenging (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enabling conditions such as policy instruments, greater public support and technological innovation could reduce these barriers.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Near-term actions involve high up-front investments and potentially disruptive changes that can be lessened by a range of enabling policies (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The higher the magnitude and the longer the duration of overshoot, the more ecosystems and societies are exposed to greater and more widespread changes in climatic impact-drivers, increasing risks for many natural and human systems.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Achieving and sustaining net negative global CO 2 emissions, with annual rates of CDR greater than residual CO 2 emissions, would gradually reduce the warming level again (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the geological storage site is appropriately selected and managed, it is estimated that the CO 2 can be permanently isolated from the atmosphere.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overshooting 1.5°C will result in irreversible adverse impacts on certain ecosystems with low resilience, such as polar, mountain, and coastal ecosystems, impacted by ice-sheet melt, glacier melt, or by accelerating and higher committed sea level rise.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If warming exceeds a specified level such as 1.5°C, it could gradually be reduced again by achieving and sustaining net negative global CO 2 emissions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“International cooperation is a critical enabler for achieving ambitious climate change mitigation, adaptation, and climate resilient development (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > References
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Net zero CO 2 and net zero GHG emissions can be achieved through strong reductions across all sectors”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deep, rapid, and sustained mitigation and accelerated implementation of adaptation actions in this decade would reduce future losses and damages related to climate change for humans and ecosystems (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The longer emissions reductions are delayed, the fewer effective adaptation options.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Land, Ocean, Food, and Water
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The larger the overshoot, the more net negative CO 2 emissions would be needed to return to 1.5°C by 2100.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prioritising equity, climate justice, social justice, inclusion and just transition processes can enable adaptation and ambitious mitigation actions and climate resilient development.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limiting warming to 1.5°C and 2°C involves rapid, deep and in most cases immediate greenhouse gas emission reductions”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to pathways without overshoot, societies would face higher risks to infrastructure, low-lying coastal settlements, and associated livelihoods.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity to enable climate resilient development”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comprehensive, effective, and innovative responses integrating adaptation and mitigation can harness synergies and reduce trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The choices and actions implemented in this decade will have impacts now and for thousands of years ( high confidence”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Government actions at sub-national, national and international levels, with civil society and the private sector, play a crucial role in enabling and accelerating shifts in development pathways towards sustainability and climate resilient development (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 75
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
In the paper
“The average rate of sea level rise was 1.3 [0.6 to 2.1] mm yr -1 between 1901 and 1971, increasing to 1.9 [0.8 to 2.9] mm yr -1 between 1971 and 2006, and further increasing to 3.7 [3.2 to 4.2] mm yr -1 between 2006 and 2018 (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Historical cumulative net CO 2 emissions from 1850 to 2019 were 2400 ± 240 GtCO 2 of which more than half (58%) occurred between 1850 and 1989, and about 42% occurred between 1990 and 2019 (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The 10% of households with the highest per capita emissions contribute 34-45% of global consumption-based household GHG emissions, while the bottom 50% contribute 13-15%.(high confidence) {2.1.1,Figure 2.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1,Figure 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although overall agricultural productivity has increased, climate change has slowed this growth over the past 50 years globally (medium confidence), with related negative impacts mainly in midand low latitude regions but positive impacts in some high latitude regions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Human influence has likely increased the chance of compound extreme events since the 1950s, including increases in the frequency of concurrent heatwaves and droughts (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Historical contributions of CO 2 emissions vary substantially across regions in terms of total magnitude, but also in terms of contributions to CO 2 -FFI and net CO 2 emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (CO 2 -LULUCF).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1,Figure 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In 2019, approximately 79% of global GHG 5 Ranges given throughout the SPM represent very likely ranges (5-95% range) unless otherwise stated.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In 2019, around 35% of the global population live in countries emitting more than 9 tCO 2 -eq per capita 11 (excluding CO 2 -LULUCF) while 41% live in countries emitting less than 3 tCO 2 -eq per capita; of the latter a substantial share lacks access to modern energy services.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1,Figure 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Climate change has reduced food security and affected water security, hindering efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goals (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Increasing weather and climate extreme events have exposed millions of people to acute food insecurity 12 and reduced water security, with the largest adverse impacts observed in many locations and/or communities in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, LDCs, Small Islands and the Arctic, and globally for Indigenous Peoples, small-scale food producers and low-income households.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,4.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although global tracked climate finance has shown an upward trend since AR5, current global financial flows for adaptation, including from public and private finance sources, are insufficient and constrain implementation of adaptation options, especially in developing countries (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Climate and weather extremes are increasingly driving displacement in Africa, Asia, North America (high confidence), and Central and South America (medium confidence), with small island states in the Caribbean and South Pacific being disproportionately affected relative to their small population size (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“High and very high GHG emissions scenarios (SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 22 ) have CO 2 emissions that roughly double from current levels by 2100 and 2050, respectively.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Box.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Despite progress, adaptation gaps exist across sectors and regions, and will continue to grow under current levels of implementation, with the largest adaptation gaps among lower income groups.(high confidence) {2.3.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Most observed adaptation responses are fragmented, incremental 18 , sector-specific and unequally distributed across regions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“There are gaps between projected emissions from implemented policies and those from NDCs and finance flows fall short of the levels needed to meet climate goals across all sectors and regions.(high confidence) {2.2, 2.3, Figure 2.5, Table 2.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3, Figure 2.5, Table 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In assessed regions, some mental health challenges are associated with increasing temperatures (high confidence), trauma from extreme events (very high confidence), and loss of livelihoods and culture (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Urban infrastructure, including transportation, water, sanitation and energy systems have been compromised by extreme and slow-onset events 14 , with resulting economic losses, disruptions of services and negative impacts to well-being.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The very low and low GHG emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6)have CO 2 emissions declining to net zero around 2050 and 2070, respectively, followed by varying levels of net negative CO 2 emissions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Box.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Global GHG emissions in 2030 implied by nationally determined contributions (NDCs) announced by October 2021 make it likely that warming will exceed 1.5°C during the 21st century and make it harder to limit warming below 2°C.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3, Figure 2.5, Table 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The occurrence of climate-related food-borne and water-borne diseases (very high confidence) and the incidence of vector-borne diseases (high confidence) have increased.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Individual livelihoods have been affected through, for example, destruction of homes and infrastructure, and loss of property and income, human health and food security, with adverse effects on gender and social equity.(high confidence) {2.1.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Adaptation planning and implementation has progressed across all sectors and regions, with documented benefits and varying effectiveness.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Examples of effective adaptation options include: cultivar improvements, on-farm water management and storage, soil moisture conservation, irrigation, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, farm and landscape level diversification in agriculture, sustainable land management approaches, use of agroecological principles and practices and other approaches that work with natural processes (high”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Key barriers to adaptation are limited resources, lack of private sector and citizen engagement, insufficient mobilization of finance (including for research), low climate literacy, lack of political commitment, limited research and/or slow and low uptake of adaptation science, and low sense of urgency.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In WGIII, a large number of global modelled emissions pathways were assessed, of which 1202 pathways were categorised based on their assessed global warming over the 21st century; categories range from pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C with more than 50% likelihood (noted >50% in this report) with no or limited overshoot (C1) to pathways that exceed 4°C (C8).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Box.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Despite progress, adaptation gaps exist, and will continue to grow at current rates of implementation.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Adaptation finance has come predominantly from public sources, and a small proportion of global tracked climate finance was targeted to adaptation and an overwhelming majority to mitigation (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Many countries have signalled an intention to achieve net zero GHG or net zero CO 2 by around mid-century but pledges differ across countries in terms of scope and specificity, and limited policies are to date in place to deliver on them.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.1, Table 2.2, Figure 2.5, Table 3.1, 4.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, with near universal participation, has led to policy development and target-setting at national and sub-national levels, in particular in relation to mitigation, as well as enhanced transparency of climate action and support (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.1, 2.2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Several mitigation options, notably solar energy, wind energy, electrification of urban systems, urban green infrastructure, energy efficiency, demand-side management, improved forest and crop/grassland management, and reduced food waste and loss, are technically viable, are becoming increasingly cost effective and are generally supported by the”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, Figure 2.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Targeted reductions of air pollutant emissions lead to more rapid improvements in air quality within years compared to reductions in GHG emissions only, but in the long term, further improvements are projected in scenarios that combine efforts to reduce air pollutants as well as GHG emissions 33 .(high confidence) {3.1.1}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {3.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“From 2010 to 2019 there have been sustained decreases in the unit costs of solar energy (85%), wind energy (55%), and lithium-ion batteries (85%), and large increases in their deployment, e.g., >10× for solar and >100× for electric vehicles (EVs), varying widely across regions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, Figure 2.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The overwhelming majority of tracked climate finance is directed towards mitigation, but nevertheless falls short of the levels needed to limit warming to below 2°C or to 1.5°C across all sectors and regions (see C7.2) (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the near term, global warming is more likely than not to reach 1.5°C even under the very low GHG emission scenario (SSP1-1.9)and likely or very likely to exceed 1.5°C under higher emissions scenarios.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Boxes 1 and 2, 3.1.1,3.3.4,Table 3.1, 4.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The magnitude of climate finance flows has increased over the last decade and financing channels have broadened but growth has slowed since 2018 (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Under these contrasting scenarios, discernible effects would emerge within years for GHG concentrations, and sooner for air quality improvements, due to the combined targeted air pollution controls and strong and sustained methane emissions reductions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {3.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to the oil and gas sector, CCS is less mature in the power sector, as well as in cement and chemicals production, where it is a critical mitigation option.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The best estimates of the remaining carbon budgets from the beginning of 2020 are 500 GtCO 2 for a 50% likelihood of limiting global warming to 1.5°C and 1150 GtCO 2 for a 67% likelihood of limiting warming to 2°C 40 .”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As warming levels increase, so do the risks of species extinction or irreversible loss of biodiversity in ecosystems including forests (medium confidence), coral reefs (very high confidence) and in Arctic regions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“food-borne, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases (high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The technical geological storage capacity is estimated to be on the order of 1000 GtCO 2 , which is more than the CO 2 storage requirements through 2100 to limit global warming to 1.5°C, although the regional availability of geological storage could be a limiting factor.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and increases in aridity and fire weather (medium to high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the next 2000 years, global mean sea level will rise by about 2-3 m if warming is limited to 1.5°C and 2-6 m if limited to 2°C (low confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to 1995-2014, the likely global mean sea level rise under the SSP1-1.9GHG emissions scenario is 0.15-0.23 m by 2050 and 0.28-0.55m by 2100; while for the SSP5-8.5 GHG emissions scenario it is 0.20-0.29 m by 2050 and 0.63-1.01m by 2100 (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Projections of annual mean soil moisture largely follow projections in annual mean precipitation but also show some differences due to the influence of evapotranspiration.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Future climate change is projected to increase the severity of impacts across natural and human systems and will increase regional differences”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the annual CO 2 emissions between 2020-2030 stayed, on average, at the same level as 2019, the resulting cumulative emissions would almost exhaust the remaining carbon budget for 1.5°C (50%), and deplete more than a third of the remaining carbon budget for 2°C (67%).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where implemented, carbon pricing instruments have incentivized low-cost emissions reduction measures but have been less effective, on their own and at prevailing prices during the assessment period, to promote higher-cost measures necessary for further reductions (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals with high socio-economic status contribute disproportionately to emissions, and have the highest potential for emissions reductions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Global net zero CO 2 emissions are reached for these pathway categories, in the early 2050s and around the early 2070s, respectively.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Past conditions (emissions, climate change, development) have increased warming and development gaps persist”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Demand-side measures and new ways of end-use service provision can reduce global GHG emissions in end-use sectors (buildings, land transport, food) by 40-70% by 2050 compared to baseline scenarios, while some regions and socioeconomic groups require additional energy and resources.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on central estimates only, historical cumulative net CO 2 emissions between 1850 and 2019 amount to about four fifths 45 of the total carbon budget for a 50% probability of limiting global warming to 1.5°C (central estimate about 2900 GtCO 2 ), and to about two thirds 46 of the total carbon budget for a 67% probability to limit global warming to 2°C (central estimate about 3550 GtCO 2 ).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strong, rapid and sustained reductions in methane emissions can limit near-term warming and improve air quality by reducing global surface ozone (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maladaptive responses can worsen existing inequities especially for Indigenous Peoples and marginalised groups and decrease ecosystem and biodiversity resilience.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stronger the reductions in non-CO 2 emissions, the lower the resulting temperatures are for a given remaining carbon budget or the larger remaining carbon budget for the same level of temperature change 41 .”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With increasing global warming, losses and damages will increase and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, seawalls effectively reduce impacts to people and assets in the short term but can also result in lock-ins and increase exposure to climate risks in the long term unless they are integrated into a long-term adaptive plan.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reaching net zero GHG emissions primarily requires deep reductions in CO 2 , methane, and other GHG emissions, and implies net negative CO 2 emissions 39 .”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From a physical science perspective, limiting human-caused global warming to a specific level requires limiting cumulative CO 2 emissions, reaching at least net zero CO 2 emissions, along with strong reductions in other greenhouse gas emissions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but if it were to occur, it would very likely cause abrupt shifts in regional weather patterns, and large impacts on ecosystems and human activities.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When CO 2 is captured directly from the atmosphere (DACCS), or from biomass (BECCS), CCS provides the storage component of these CDR methods.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some future changes are unavoidable and/or irreversible but can be limited by deep, rapid, and sustained global greenhouse gas emissions reduction.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Above that level, ecosystems such as some warm-water coral reefs, coastal wetlands, rainforests, and polar and mountain ecosystems will have reached or surpassed hard adaptation limits and as a consequence, some Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures will also lose their effectiveness (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate resilient development is enabled when governments, civil society and the private sector make inclusive development choices that prioritize risk reduction, equity and justice, and when decision-making processes, finance and actions are integrated across governance levels, sectors, and timeframes (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Net zero CO 2 energy systems entail: a substantial reduction in overall fossil fuel use, minimal use of unabated fossil fuels 51 , and use of carbon capture and storage in the remaining fossil fuel systems; electricity systems that emit no net CO 2 ; widespread electrification; alternative energy carriers in applications less amenable to electrification; energy conservation and efficiency; and gre”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Energy Systems
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would require additional deployment of carbon dioxide removal, compared to pathways without overshoot, leading to greater feasibility and sustainability concerns.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prospects for climate resilient development will be further limited if global warming exceeds 1.5°C and if progress towards the SDGs is inadequate”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25-50%.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate resilient development integrates adaptation and mitigation to advance sustainable development for all, and is enabled by increased international cooperation including improved access to adequate financial resources, particularly for vulnerable regions, sectors and groups, and inclusive governance and coordinated policies (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limiting global warming to 1.5°C instead of 2°C would increase the costs of mitigation, but also increase the benefits in terms of reduced impacts and related risks, and reduced adaptation needs (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without rapid, deep and sustained mitigation and accelerated adaptation actions, losses and damages will continue to increase, including projected adverse impacts in Africa, LDCs, SIDS, Central and South America 49 , Asia and the Arctic, and will disproportionately affect the most vulnerable populations.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If climate goals are to be achieved, both adaptation and mitigation financing would need to increase many-fold.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early action and enabling conditions create future opportunities for climate resilient development”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Delayed mitigation and adaptation action would lock in high-emissions infrastructure, raise risks of stranded assets and cost-escalation, reduce feasibility, and increase losses and damages (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overshoot entails adverse impacts, some irreversible, and additional risks for human and natural systems, all growing with the magnitude and duration of overshoot.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Delayed mitigation action will further increase global warming and losses and damages will rise and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Modelled scenarios and pathways are based on a range of assumptions, including socio-economic variables and mitigation options.
“Modelled scenarios and pathways 19 are used to explore future emissions, climate change, related impacts and risks, and possible mitigation and adaptation strategies and are based on a range of assumptions, including socio-economic variables and mitigation options.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Models assume that irrigated areas are not water-limited.
“Models assume that irrigated areas are not water-limited.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Species are assumed not to relocate.
“assuming no species relocation.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Maximum potential response assumes minimal financial, social and political barriers.
“assuming minimal financial, social and political barriers.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Estimates of mitigation investment requirements rely on scenario assumptions.
“These estimates rely on scenario assumptions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2023 climate models predict a mean global increase between 1.4 and 4.4 °C by 210035 with a disproportionate effect in the Arctic.”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Forster, P. M. D. F., Smith, C., Walsh, T., Lamb, W. F., Lamboll, R., Cassou, C., Hauser, M., Hausfather, Z., Lee, J., Palmer, M. D., et al. (2025) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 · Cited by 341
Self-citationOECD (2025) · Government at a glance · doi:10.1787/0efd0bcd-en · Cited by 211
S (1980) · Atmospheric Environment (1967) · doi:10.1016/0004-6981(80)90099-2 · Cited by 174
United Nations Environment Programme (2023) · United Nations Environment Programme eBooks · doi:10.59117/20.500.11822/43796 · Cited by 167
Geoscientific Model Development
Orbe, C., Ming, A., Chiodo, G., Prather, M., Diallo, M., Tang, Q., Chrysanthou, A., Naoe, H., Zhou, X., Thaler, I., et al. (2018) · doi:10.5194/gmd-volume10-issue2-editorial · Cited by 160
Metadata
- Authors
- Calvin, K., Dasgupta, D., Krinner, G., Mukherji, A., Thorne, P. W., Trisos, C., Romero, J., Aldunce, P., Barret, K., Blanco, G., Cheung, W. W. L., Connors, S. L., Denton, F., Diongue-Niang, A., Dodman, D., Garschagen, M., Geden, O., Hayward, B., Jones, C., Jotzo, F., Krug, T., Lasco, R., Lee, Y.-Y., Masson-Delmotte, V., Meinshausen, M., Mintenbeck, K., Mokssit, A., Otto, F. E. L., Pathak, M., Pirani, A., Poloczanska, E., Pörtner, H.-O., Revi, A., Roberts, D. C., Roy, J., Ruane, A. C., Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., Slade, R., Slangen, A., Sokona, Y., Sörensson, A. A., Tignor, M., van Vuuren, D., Wei, Y.-M., Winkler, H., Zhai, P., Zommers, Z., Hourcade, J.-C., Johnson, F. X., Pachauri, S., Simpson, N. P., Singh, C., Thomas, A., Totin, E., Alegría, A., Armour, K., Bednar-Friedl, B., Blok, K., Cissé, G., Dentener, F., Eriksen, S., Fischer, E., Garner, G., Guivarch, C., Haasnoot, M., Hansen, G., Hauser, M., Hawkins, E., Hermans, T., Kopp, R., Leprince-Ringuet, N., Lewis, J., Ley, D., Ludden, C., Niamir, L., Nicholls, Z., Some, S., Szopa, S., Trewin, B., van der Wijst, K.-I., Winter, G., Witting, M., Birt, A., & Ha, M.
- ORCID
- Calvin, Katherine
- Krinner, Gerhard
- Mukherji, Aditi
- Thorne, Peter W.
- Trisos, Christopher
- Romero, José
- Aldunce, Paulina
- Cheung, William W.L.
- Connors, Sarah L.
- Denton, Fatima
- Dodman, David
- Garschagen, Matthias
- Geden, Oliver
- Hayward, Bronwyn
- Jones, Christopher
- Jotzo, Frank
- Lasco, Rodel
- Lee, Yune-Yi
- Masson-Delmotte, Valérie
- Meinshausen, Malte
- Mintenbeck, Katja
- Otto, Friederike E.L.
- Pathak, Minal
- Pirani, Anna
- Poloczanska, Elvira
- Pörtner, Hans-Otto
- Revi, Aromar
- Roberts, Debra C.
- Roy, Joyashree
- Ruane, Alex C.
- Skea, Jim
- Shukla, Priyadarshi R.
- Slade, Raphael
- Slangen, Aimée
- Sokona, Youba
- Sörensson, Anna A.
- van Vuuren, Detlef
- Wei, Yi-Ming
- Winkler, Harald
- Zhai, Panmao
- Zommers, Zinta
- Johnson, Francis X.
- Pachauri, Shonali
- Simpson, Nicholas P.
- Singh, Chandni
- Thomas, Adelle
- Totin, Edmond
- Alegría, Andrés
- Armour, Kyle
- Blok, Kornelis
- Cissé, Guéladio
- Dentener, Frank
- Eriksen, Siri
- Fischer, Erich
- Garner, Gregory
- Guivarch, Céline
- Haasnoot, Marjolijn
- Hansen, Gerrit
- Hauser, Mathias
- Hawkins, Ed
- Hermans, Tim
- Kopp, Robert
- Niamir, Leila
- Nicholls, Zebedee
- Some, Shreya
- Szopa, Sophie
- Trewin, Blair
- van der Wijst, Kaj-Ivar
- Winter, Gundula
- Witting, Maximilian
- Venue
- IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Published
- 2023-07-25
- Pages
- 1-34
- OpenAlex
- W4385123314
- Cited by
- 1,581
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 486 · 2025: 617 · 2024: 396 · 2023: 78
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.iiasa.ac.at
- Locations
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Keywords
- climate change, climate change impacts, climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation, climate change projections, climate policy, global warming
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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