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Degradation of the Dye Reactive Blue 4 by Coupled Photoassisted Electrochemistry at DSA ® -Type Electrode

Silva, Rodrigo G. da, Andrade, Adalgisa R. de·2015·Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
DOI 10.5935/0103-5053.20150338
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Abstract

We investigated the photoelectrochemical oxidation of the dye Reactive Blue 4 in the presence of a DSA ® -type electrode of nominal composition Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O 2 under ultraviolet radiation, aiming to enhance the degradation yields of this dye.We conducted the photoelectrocatalytic treatment under galvanostatic control, using an 80 W mercury vapor lamp as the UV source.We also compared unassisted electrooxidative processes and photocatalytic processes with photoelectrochemical oxidation, to gain better insight into the employed advanced oxidation processes and to evaluate their applicability.The photoelectrooxidative process conducted at 37.8 mA cm -2 promoted fast color removal in the tested solution.The chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon decreased by approximately 64.7 and 42.7%, respectively.High performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry helped to identify the intermediate compounds produced along the photoelectrochemical process, namely phthalic anhydride, phthalimide, phthalide, 1,3-indanone, and benzoic acid.

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Figures

Figure 1 Molecular structure of the dye Reactive Blue 4 (C 23 H14 Cl 2 N6O8S2 ).
Figure 1 Molecular structure of the dye Reactive Blue 4 (C 23 H14 Cl 2 N6O8S2 ).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Schematic illustration of the reactor employed for the photochemical, electrochemical, and photoassisted electrochemical degradation of RB-4. (a) Compartment for the quartz tube and high pressure mercury vapor lamp; (b) cylindrical Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode; (c) cylindrical titanium mesh cathode; (d) compartment to allocate the thermocouple or the SCE reference electrode; and (e) mechanical stirrer. Externally, the system is connected to a cooler system, to control the cell temperature (T = 28 o C).
Figure 2 Schematic illustration of the reactor employed for the photochemical, electrochemical, and photoassisted electrochemical degradation of RB-4. (a) Compartment for the quartz tube and high pressure mercury vapor lamp; (b) cylindrical Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode; (c) cylindrical titanium mesh cathode; (d) compartment to allocate the thermocouple or the SCE reference electrode; and (e) mechanical stirrer. Externally, the system is connected to a cooler system, to control the cell temperature (T = 28 o C).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Current profile in the presence of the Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode under 80 W UV light irradiation, at different applied potentials. Supporting electrolyte = Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5. E/V vs. SCE.
Figure 3 Current profile in the presence of the Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode under 80 W UV light irradiation, at different applied potentials. Supporting electrolyte = Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5. E/V vs. SCE.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 TOC removal from the RB-4 dye solution (35 mg L -1 ) by different degradation processes: (  ) PAEP = (I = 37.8 mA cm -2 + λ UV ), (  ) EP = (I = 37.8 mA cm -2 ), (  ) PP = ( λ UV ), (-⋅ -⋅ - ) addition of EP + PP. Cylindrical Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 mesh anode of 265 cm 2 , cylindrical titanium mesh cathode. Reactor volume = 0.8 L, RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5. Figure 4. TOC removal from the RB-4 dye solution (35 mg L -1 ) by different degradation processes: (  ) PAEP = (I = 37.8 mA cm -2 + λ UV ), (  ) EP = (I = 37.8 mA cm -2 ), (  ) PP = ( λ UV ), (-⋅ -⋅ - ) addition of EP + PP. Cylindrical Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 mesh anode of 265 cm 2 , cylindrical titanium mesh cathode. Reactor volume = 0.8 L, RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5.
Figure 4 TOC removal from the RB-4 dye solution (35 mg L -1 ) by different degradation processes: (  ) PAEP = (I = 37.8 mA cm -2 + λ UV ), (  ) EP = (I = 37.8 mA cm -2 ), (  ) PP = ( λ UV ), (-⋅ -⋅ - ) addition of EP + PP. Cylindrical Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 mesh anode of 265 cm 2 , cylindrical titanium mesh cathode. Reactor volume = 0.8 L, RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5. Figure 4. TOC removal from the RB-4 dye solution (35 mg L -1 ) by different degradation processes: (  ) PAEP = (I = 37.8 mA cm -2 + λ UV ), (  ) EP = (I = 37.8 mA cm -2 ), (  ) PP = ( λ UV ), (-⋅ -⋅ - ) addition of EP + PP. Cylindrical Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 mesh anode of 265 cm 2 , cylindrical titanium mesh cathode. Reactor volume = 0.8 L, RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 TOC removal as a function of the electrolysis time (a) and charge loading (b) for the RB-4 photoelectrochemical treatment with the Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode. V = 0.8 L, 35 mg L -1 RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5.
Figure 5 TOC removal as a function of the electrolysis time (a) and charge loading (b) for the RB-4 photoelectrochemical treatment with the Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode. V = 0.8 L, 35 mg L -1 RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Energy cost for EP (circle symbol) and PAEP (square symbol) as a function of TOC removal with the Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode. V = 0.8 L, 35 mg L -1 RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5.
Figure 6 Energy cost for EP (circle symbol) and PAEP (square symbol) as a function of TOC removal with the Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode. V = 0.8 L, 35 mg L -1 RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 (a) Color removal ( λ = 598 nm) for the different degradation processes, V = 0.8 L, 35 mg L -1 RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, μ = 1.5, I = 10 A, and P = 80 W. The inset graph shows how the absorbance decreases at different wavelengths ( λ = 228 and 280 nm) for PAEP and EP; (b) chromatographic behavior of the dye RB-4 (t R = 16.9 min) and the common byproduct (t R = 9.8 min) formed during the different treatment processes. Closed symbols: relative intensity (%) of the dye RB-4; open symbols: unknown product.
Figure 7 (a) Color removal ( λ = 598 nm) for the different degradation processes, V = 0.8 L, 35 mg L -1 RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, μ = 1.5, I = 10 A, and P = 80 W. The inset graph shows how the absorbance decreases at different wavelengths ( λ = 228 and 280 nm) for PAEP and EP; (b) chromatographic behavior of the dye RB-4 (t R = 16.9 min) and the common byproduct (t R = 9.8 min) formed during the different treatment processes. Closed symbols: relative intensity (%) of the dye RB-4; open symbols: unknown product.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Byproducts formation during the RB-4 photoassisted electrochemical process on the Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode at different treatment times. V = 0.8 L, 175 mg L -1 RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5.
Figure 8 Byproducts formation during the RB-4 photoassisted electrochemical process on the Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O2 anode at different treatment times. V = 0.8 L, 175 mg L -1 RB-4 in Na 2 SO4, pH = 3.0, and μ = 1.5.CC-BY · From the PDF
Scheme 1. Proposed pathways for the RB-4 degradation throughout the PEAP. Dashed black arrows ( ): proposed break; dotted red arrows ( ): undefined pathways; and solid blue arrows ( ): identified byproducts. Scheme 1. Proposed pathways for the RB-4 degradation throughout the PEAP. Dashed black arrows ( ): proposed break; dotted red arrows ( ): undefined pathways; and solid blue arrows ( ): identified byproducts.
Scheme 1. Proposed pathways for the RB-4 degradation throughout the PEAP. Dashed black arrows ( ): proposed break; dotted red arrows ( ): undefined pathways; and solid blue arrows ( ): identified byproducts. Scheme 1. Proposed pathways for the RB-4 degradation throughout the PEAP. Dashed black arrows ( ): proposed break; dotted red arrows ( ): undefined pathways; and solid blue arrows ( ): identified byproducts.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Silva, R. G. D., & Andrade, A. R. D.
Venue
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
Publisher
Sociedade Brasileira de Quimica (SBQ)
Published
2015
ISSN
0103-5053
DOI
10.5935/0103-5053.20150338
Cited by
4
References
3
Language
en

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Degradation of the Dye Reactive Blue 4 by Coupled Photoassisted Electrochemistry at DSA ® -Type Electrode. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.5935/0103-5053.20150338
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Silva, R. G. D., & Andrade, A. R. D. (2015). Degradation of the Dye Reactive Blue 4 by Coupled Photoassisted Electrochemistry at DSA ® -Type Electrode. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20150338

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