The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 33 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara
Open accessAbstract
Within the primary and secondary Hindu scriptures, especially the Vedas, Epics and Puranas, many gods are mentioned. At times a hierarchy of deities is distinguishable, and at other times these deities assume each others’ names and functions. Then there are some deities that manifest themselves in other forms such as a bird, an animal, a human, or both animal and human. These manifestations are at times clearly construed as avataras. To determine the transformation (metamorphosis), progression and/or regression of Hindu deities from the Vedas through to the Puranas, the researcher applied the systematic literature review methodology. He argued that this evolution of Hindu deities is the result of changes in the specific needs of the community in their quest for immortality. Accompanying this metamorphosis of Hindu deities is the notion of avatara which gained significant prominence in the Bhagavad Gita and the Puranas, although there are indications that the notion of avatara can be read into the Vedas. Considering these complexities, the researcher defined the term avatara and traced the origins and evolution of these Hindu deities through the various Hindu scriptures. This study consolidated this process systematically, resulting in sufficient proof that there was a decline in certain Vedic deities, a rise to prominence of other ‘unimportant’ deities and the appearance of other deities not mentioned in the Vedas.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
26 Sources not found · 23 Own interpretation · 21 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 No full text of the sources · 2 Own result · 1 Own method
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and Brahma ceased to have any importance, as mentioned earlier.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The name 'Shiva' is not mentioned in the Vedas”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these three gods Vishnu alone has avataras.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When one considers most of the works on Hindu scriptures, the earliest seminal concept of avatara is found within the Epics, especially the Mahabharata in that section known as the Bhagavad Gita.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 4. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DEITIES IN HINDU MYTHOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miranda (1990:50)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These Puranas establish the rise and popularity especially of Vishnu and Shiva, two of the gods that were encountered in the earlier writings of Hinduism.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A third contribution to the decline of the Vedic gods is the rise of ritualism during the Brahamana period.Here the Vedic gods became subordinated to the institution of sacrifice.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bhatt (2008:101)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What is observed, though, is an erosion of the importance of the Vedic deities during this process of evolution.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 9. THE MAHABHARATA EPIC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The fourth reason was the prominence of the Upanishads.Flood (2005:83) sees the Upanishads as the continuation of the Brahamanas in the interpretation of the rituals.However, he makes the distinction in this sense that there is an increasing importance of knowledge of esoteric correspondence in comparison to the rituals.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flood (2005:83)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Throughout this epic, in a similar vein as the Ramayana, the deities alluded to find their origin in the Vedic literature.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 9. THE MAHABHARATA EPIC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This transfer of the attributes of the Upanishadic Brahman to a personal god substantially helped in enhancing the popularity of Rudra and Vishnu, who were minor deities in the Vedas (Bhatt, 2008:102).”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bhatt, 2008:102
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 52
- It may state two separate claims as one. 40
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Then there are some deities that manifest themselves in other forms such as a bird, an animal, a human, or both animal and human.These manifestations are at times clearly construed as avataras.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the primary and secondary Hindu scriptures, especially the Vedas, Epics and Puranas, many gods are mentioned.At times a hierarchy of deities is distinguishable, and at other times these deities assume each others' names and functions.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accompanying this metamorphosis of Hindu deities is the notion of avatara which gained significant prominence in the Bhagavad Gita and the Puranas, although there are indications that the notion of avatara can be read into the Vedas.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study consolidated this process systematically, resulting in sufficient proof that there was a decline in certain Vedic deities, a rise to prominence of other 'unimportant' deities and the appearance of other deities not mentioned in the Vedas.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Rig Veda Vishnu is the benevolent, solar deity associated with Indra, often in fighting the demon Vrita.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 12. VISHNU
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here the gods and goddesses which were encountered in the Epics become the focus of attention.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 9. THE MAHABHARATA EPIC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The earliest reference to Rudra is found in the Rig Veda, although a very minor position is assigned to him.There are only three full hymns addressed to him.Nonetheless, a clear picture emerges of him where he is mentioned seventy times in total.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilkins (2008:263)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This gave prominence to a particular deity as the Supreme Being and the use of an abundance of religious and philosophical concepts (Shattuck, 1999:43).”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shattuck, 1999:43
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The deity Agni also plays an appreciative role in returning Sita to Rama after Sita passed through the fire in order to prove her purity.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 8. THE RAMAYANA EPIC
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The five Pandavas were fathered by the gods, an example being Indra, father of Arjuna, and Yudhishthira, the eldest son, who was born of the God of Right (Dharma) (Parrinder: 1997:21)”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 9. THE MAHABHARATA EPIC
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Parrinder: 1997:21
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Agni plays an appreciable role in the narrative of the Mahabharata and in the allusions made to Shiva and Vishnu which find their source in the Vedic literature.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 9. THE MAHABHARATA EPIC
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other Vedic gods are also mentioned in this epic.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 8. THE RAMAYANA EPIC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yama is prominent among the boastings of the warriors”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 9. THE MAHABHARATA EPIC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He assumes many forms but never as an avatara.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Shiva has offspring such as Ganesh, but no avataras”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One example is the god Indra, who serves as both leader of the gods and as a performer of heroic deeds.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 9. THE MAHABHARATA EPIC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main lore about the avataras of Vishnu is to be found in the Bhagavata Purana, which is sometimes referred to as the 'Fifth Veda'.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 12. VISHNU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Vayu Purana speaks of ten avataras of which three are regarded as celestial and other terrestrial.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 13. AVATARAS OF VISHNU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the Garuda Purana alludes to innumerable avataras, it lists only nineteen.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 13. AVATARAS OF VISHNU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other Puranas also list a number of avataras, though of course the Ramayana and the Mahabharata are critical sources for the two heroic avataras of Vishnu, namely Rama and Krishna.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 12. VISHNU
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Matsya Purana explains that Vishnu had to appear seven times among human beings, in order to expiate the sins of the wicked rulers.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 13. AVATARAS OF VISHNU
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A closer examination of the number avataras in the Bhagavata Purana reveals that at one place twenty-two avataras are enumerated, while at another twenty-three and yet at another only sixteen are listed.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 13. AVATARAS OF VISHNU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Varaha Purana records ten avataras and the Sattvata Samhita and Ahirbudhnya Samhita thirty-nine avataras.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 13. AVATARAS OF VISHNU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Satapatha-brahamana (3, 7, 1, 17) explores an intimate association of Vishnu with Sun and in the Rig Veda (2, 1, 3) with Agni.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 12. VISHNU
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Satapatha-brahamana (3, 7, 1, 17)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Rig Veda (2, 1, 3)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the Bhagavata Purana claims that there are innumerable avataras, there seems to be an inconsistency regarding the number of avataras within it.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 13. AVATARAS OF VISHNU
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He argued that this evolution of Hindu deities is the result of changes in the specific needs of the community in their quest for immortality.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Hindu scriptures (Vedas, Epics, Puranas) can be ordered chronologically and read as evidence of the evolution of Hindu deities.
In the paper
“Although Miranda (1990:50) correctly claims that the term avatara is not used in the early works to signify the deity's descent on earth, there are a few references of the notion of avatars to be found in the minor Upanishads.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 4. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DEITIES IN HINDU MYTHOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miranda (1990:50)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once again the fine thread of the evolution of the deities is visible as it weaves through the Vedic literature to the epics.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 9. THE MAHABHARATA EPIC
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and this could be because it was not a god venerated by the Aryans.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Flood (2005:103) contends that from about 500 before the Common Era there was a growth of sectarian worship of particular deities.Even though Vedic sacrifice still existed, there was a movement towards the devotional worship of a deity.This practice of devotional worship (bhakti) became the religious practice of Hinduism.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flood (2005:103)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this rendering, glimpses of the concept of avatara begin to emerge.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 8. THE RAMAYANA EPIC
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This period sees the composition of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, known as the Epics as well as the bulk of the Puranas.This period is also regarded as the transitional period in Hinduism (Rodrigues: 2006:136).”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 6. CONCEPTION OF HINDU DEITIES IN POST-VEDIC PERIODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rodrigues: 2006:136
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Within the Vedic pantheon there are as many as thirty gods among which Indra and Agni occupy the most prominent position.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilkins (2008:99)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to mention that of these three gods, Vishnu and Shiva were prominent and gained a large following among Hindu devotees.Brahman seems to have been confined to the shadow of Vishnu and Shiva.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This forms the basis of a myth in the Puranas where Vishnu is incarnated as a dwarf, covers the earth in three strides and destroys the power of the demon Bali.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 12. VISHNU
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For the Vedic seer, the god from whom he seeks favour for the moment is the highest god.This attitude could have created an atmosphere of scepticism regarding the Vedic gods and could have adumbrated later Hindu sectarianism.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilkins (2008:99)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Mitchell (2001:vi) suggests that as the Aryans, the bearers of the Vedic religion, proceeded deeper into India, thus making contact with the local inhabitants, the old Vedic religion underwent several changes.Some deities changed their function while others gained or lost prestige.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mitchell (2001:vi)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Vedas and the Upanishads Vishnu is not significantly prominent, but only in the Epics does he become pre-eminent.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 12. VISHNU
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Rao (2009:9), Brahman received worship until the ninth century together with the other two gods.Later however, the votaries of Brahman diminished in number and importance and there were few independent shrines to Brahman.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rao (2009:9)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The information contained herein provides the missionary with a clearer understanding on how the concept of avatara developed as against the Christian understanding of the incarnation.It should also settle the discussion that Jesus could not be the reincarnated Krishna.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 1. INTRODUCTION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wilkins (2008:99) suggests that a second reason that could have contributed indirectly to the decline of the Vedic gods is evident in the Rig Veda Samhita.This is the rise of kathenotheism or henotheism.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilkins (2008:99)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This idea of the movement towards unity and 'internalization' is evident in the Brahadaranyaka Upanishad III.ix.1-9 where Sakalya pressured Yajnavalkya to state how many gods there are.Through the process of reduction from 3 306 gods, Yajnavalkya concluded that there is only one.This reduction obviously further suggested the decline of the prominence of the Vedic gods.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brahadaranyaka Upanishad III.ix.1-9
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Even here in the Bhagavad Gita, according to Miranda (1990:50), other words are used to express avataras, such as 'birth', 'coming into being', 'creation', 'appearance', 'dwelling' and 'consorting with'.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 4. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DEITIES IN HINDU MYTHOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miranda (1990:50)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to Mitchell (2001:v) with regard to the Vedic deities, there are no convincing arguments to conclude that these deities were worshipped in the form of images because they were only visualised as having human or animal forms.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mitchell (2001:v)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is correct to state that embedded in these epic texts there is much philosophy and religion which also serve as guidelines for an ethical lifestyle.This is once again an indication of a change in attitude towards the gods of the Vedas in the Hindus' quest for immortality in this life or the next.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 7. THE EPICS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“He suggests that Sanskrit terms used to describe the manifestation of the descent of God into the realm of this world evolved from rupa (form, figure), vapus (having a beautiful form) and tanu (a living entity who accepted a material body) to pradurbhava (appearance).He claims that the Sanskrit word avatara gradually evolved from these terms”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 3. TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF THE TERM AVATARA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bassuk (1987:3) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pandey (1979:1) and Parrinder (1997:14) imply that the word avatara means 'to come down', 'to go down' or 'to descend'.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 2. SCOPE OF LITERARY RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pandey (1979:1)
- Not matchedcites Parrinder (1997:14)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both these epics focus on the deity Vishnu, especially in his manifestation as Rama (of the Ramayana epic) and Krishna (of the Mahabharata epic).Although emphasis is placed on these two deities, other deities of lesser significance, and which are largely those of the Vedic pantheon, are also alluded to in the epics (Brockington, 2003:116).”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 7. THE EPICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brockington, 2003:116
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Flood (2005:44) maintains that the Vedic universe is populated with supernatural beings of various kinds.There is a divine being associated with every tree and river and some deities were afforded greater importance than others.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flood (2005:44)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To determine the transformation (metamorphosis), progression and/or regression of Hindu deities from the Vedas through to the Puranas, the researcher applied the systematic literature review methodology.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet it is only in the Puranas that Shiva is really exalted and developed as a major god in Hinduism.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Bhatt (2008:98) attributes the first reason for the decline in the Vedic gods to the fact that the important Vedic gods arose in order to meet specific conditions in the life of the Vedic people.When these conditions no longer existed, these gods faded into the background and new gods arose to meet new situations.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bhatt (2008:98)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This idea of Brahman began to gain momentum in the Upanishads and it seemed that it was only well understood by those of great intellect (knowledge) and therefore could not be regarded as 'popular religion'.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“He claims that the Sanskrit word avatara gradually evolved from these terms and that this word is composed of two parts: the root verb tr meaning to pass or cross and 'ava' signifying down.The finite verb avatarati means 'he descends'.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 3. TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF THE TERM AVATARA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bassuk (1987:3) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Burnett (1992:129) suggests that the etymology of the word avatara is from two root words, ava meaning 'down' and tr meaning 'to cross over'.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 2. SCOPE OF LITERARY RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Burnett (1992:129)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the discovery of the 'Proto-Siva Seal', at Mohenjodaro in the Indus Valley, and with the renderings in the Puranas, one can see the resemblance and close connections with this seal and the characteristics of Shiva depicted in the Puranas, especially with regard to the yogic positions in both these renderings.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Parrinder adds that avatara is the manifestation of the divine in human form.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 2. SCOPE OF LITERARY RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Parrinder (1997:14)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These three gods, Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma, are also mentioned in the Vedas, but hold a minor position in the pantheon, yet gained prominence in the epics and Puranas, as will be discussed later.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 8. THE RAMAYANA EPIC
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Miranda (1990:50) claims that the doctrine of avatara is indeed a characteristic feature of a theistic system of thought distinctive in Hinduism.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 2. SCOPE OF LITERARY RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miranda (1990:50)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to Bassuk (1987:23) and verified by Rao (2009: 20), although there is a variance in the number of avataras there are only ten major or principle avataras that have been widely accepted.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 13. AVATARAS OF VISHNU
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bassuk (1987:23) source
- Not matchedcites Rao (2009: 20)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“culminating in the concept of avataras, which now forms the belief system of popular Hinduism.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 14. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but also allowed for the deep philosophical thought espoused by the many scriptures and god(s) in Hinduism to be more accessible and personal to the common people of simple beliefs”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 14. CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but it would suffice to state that there was certainly a greater involvement of god as an avatar in the affairs of humankind.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 13. AVATARAS OF VISHNU
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each of these avatars played a significant role in addressing one or other problem on earth.”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 13. AVATARAS OF VISHNU
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
A consolidation of the manifestations as recorded through the history of Hindu scriptures, the understanding of the concept of avataras, and the reasons for the gods of the different Hindu scriptures seemingly undergoing metamorphosis has not yet been systematically and comprehensively documented.
“Much has been written about avataras and their purpose for manifestations in different forms through the different epochs of the Hindu religion; yet a consolidation of these manifestations as recorded through the history of Hindu scriptures, the understanding of the concept of avataras and the reasons for the gods of the different Hindu scriptures seemingly undergoing metamorphosis, has yet to be”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Hindu scriptures (Vedas, Epics, Puranas) can be ordered chronologically and read as evidence of the evolution of Hindu deities.
“The intention in investigating the origin and evolution of the Hindu deities and the eventual manifestations of these deities as avataras, is so that a fine thread can be weaved through the different periods of Hinduism indicating that, from the Vedic period through to the modern period, there is a link to avataras.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Ramayana is older than the Mahabharata.
“Attention is given to the Ramayana first as it is understood to be the older of the two known epics.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 8. THE RAMAYANA EPIC
“These three gods, Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma, are also mentioned in the Vedas, but hold a minor position in the pantheon”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
“The name 'Shiva' is not mentioned in the Vedas”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 5. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE VEDIC GODS
“the rise of the gods Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma culminating in their manifestations as avataras”
§ A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of avatara > 10. THE PURANAS
“Of these three gods Vishnu alone has avataras.Shiva has offspring such as Ganesh, but no avataras”
Citations
Cites
Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
Lipner, J. J. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 137
Parrinder, G. (1971) · Theology · doi:10.1177/0040571x7107401206 · Cited by 39
Hindu mythology, Vedic and Puranic
Wilkins, W. J. (1882) · Cited by 38
Mittal, S., & Thursby, G. (2004) · doi:10.4324/9780203644706 · Cited by 35
Rosen, S. J. (2006) · doi:10.5040/9798400647369 · Cited by 20
(1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4
Brockington, J. L. (2007) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470998694.ch6 · Cited by 2
Theory of incarnation: Its origin and development in the light of Vedic and Purāṇic references
Mishra, R. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1
French, H. W. (1989) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.2307/2057444
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [6]6. De Gruchy, WJ, Prozesky, M (eds). 1991. A South African Guide to World Religions. Cape Town: David Phillip Flood, G. 2005. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: University Press
- [14]14. Parrinder, G. 1975. Upanishads Gita and Bible. A Comparative study of Hindu and Christian Scriptures. London: Sheldon Press
- [15]15. Parrinder, G. 1997. Avatar and Incarnation. The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions. Oxford: One World
- [19]19. Rodrigues, P H. 2006. Introducing Hinduism. New York: Routledge
- [21]21. Shattuck, C. 1999. Hinduism. London: Routledge
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Names and Naming Practices of the Telugu in Malaysia
Shanmuganathan, T., Sinayah, M., Ramalingam, S., et al. (2021) · Names · doi:10.5195/names.2021.2277 · Cited by 8
Ananda, I. N. (2023) · Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu · doi:10.37329/jpah.v7i4.2036
Metadata
- Authors
- Sukdaven, M.
- Affiliations
- University of the Free State (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Sukdaven, M
- ORCID
- Sukdaven, M
- Venue
- Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif
- Publisher
- Stellenbosch Theological Journal
- Published
- 2012-01-26
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1&2
- ISSN
- 0028-2006 (ISSN-L)
- 2226-2385
- OpenAlex
- W1556864027
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › General Arts and Humanities › Cultural and Mythological Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Keywords
- Hindu deities, avatara, divine incarnation, Vedic deities, Puranas, Bhagavad Gita, Hindu scripture, immortality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
