High risk sexual fantasies and sexual offending: An overview of fundamentals and interventions
Open accessAbstract
Although deviant sexual fantasizing has been found to be an etiological factor for sexual offending, not all deviant sexual fantasies increase risk equally. The aim of the present overview is to provide readers with an introduction to key terminology, a primer on central clinical theories, and a summary of the research literature on “high risk” sexual fantasies over the past 50 years. First, the important difference between “sexual fantasy” and “sexual fantasizing” is described. Second, the link between sexual fantasizing and sexual offending is discussed, with a focus on principle moderators such as physiological reaction, personality profile, and offense-supportive beliefs. Third, the different methods used to assess sexual fantasies are discussed. Fourth, the principles and techniques behind four evidence-based approaches to treating “high risk” sexual fantasies are discussed: (1) the behavioral approach, (2) the cognitive approach, (3) the imagination approach, and (4) the mindfulness-based approach. Finally, a call is issued for practice-based quantitative and qualitative research to further explore this clinical phenomenon. The findings of such investigations would advance the field’s understanding of assessment, management, and monitoring best practices for this important forensic population.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Repeated fantasy can strengthen the tendency to enact it in behavior.
“It appears that, given appropriate circumstances, repeated fantasy can strengthen the tendency to enact it in behavior, (Rossegger et al., 2021).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Rossegger et al., 2021
In people with problematic sexuality and where the fantasy is sexually arousing and hedonically positive, there is a tendency to enact in behavior the content of the fantasy.
“In people with problematic sexuality and where the fantasy is sexually arousing and hedonically positive, there is a tendency to enact in behavior the content of the fantasy (Rossegger et al., 2021).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Rossegger et al., 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Child Molesters' Implicit Theories
WARD, T., & KEENAN, T. (1999) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626099014008003 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
The Motivation-Facilitation Model of Sexual Offending
Seto, M. C. (2019) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/1079063217720919 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Mindfulness in Forensic Mental Health: Does It Have a Role?
Howells, K., Tennant, A., Day, A., & Elmer, R. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-009-0001-x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 50
- Allen, A., Katsikitis, M., Millear, P., & McKillop, N. (2020). Psychological interventions for sexual fantasies and implications for sexual violence: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 55, Article 101465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101465 · DOI
- Bailey, J. M., Bernhard, P. A., & Hsu, K. J. (2016). An Internet study of men sexually attracted to children: Correlates of sexual offending against children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 989-1000. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000213 · DOI
- Bartels, R., & Beech, A. (2016). Theories of deviant sexual fantasy. In A. Beech & T. Ward (Eds.), The Wiley handbook on the theories, assessment and treatment of sexual offending (pp. 165-186).
- Bartels, R. M., Beech, A. R., & Harkins, L. (2021). Understanding sexual thoughts and sexual fantasizing: The Dual-Process Model of Sexual Thinking. In L. Craig & R. M. Bartels (Eds.), Sexual deviance: Understanding and managing deviant sexual interests and paraphilic disorders (pp. 53-66). Wiley Blackwell.
- Bartels, R. M., & Gannon, T. A. (2011). Understanding the sexual fantasies of sex offenders and their correlates. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 551-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.08.002 · DOI
- Bartels, R. M., Harkins, L., & Beech, A. R. (2020). The influence of fantasy proneness, dissociation, and vividness of mental imagery on male's aggressive sexual fantasies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35, 964-987. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517691523 · DOI
- Bartels, R. M., Harkins, L., Harrison, S. C., Beard, N., & Beech, A. R. (2018). The effect of bilateral eye-movements versus no eye-movements on sexual fantasies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 59, 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.001 · DOI
- Bartova, K., Androvicova, R., Krejcova, L., Weiss, P., & Klapilova, K. (2021). The prevalence of paraphilic interests in the Czech population: Preference, arousal, the use of pornography, fantasy, and behavior. Journal of Sex Research, 58, 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1707468 · DOI
- Baughman, H. M., Jonason, P. K., Veselka, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2014). Four shades of sexual fantasies linked to the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 47-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.034 · DOI
- Beech, A., Fisher, D., & Ward, T. (2005). Sexual murderers' implicit theories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 1366-1389. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260505278712 · DOI
- Beech, A. R., Ward, T., & Fisher, D. (2006). The identification of sexual and violent motivations in men who assault women: Implication for treatment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 1635-1653. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506294242 · DOI
- Dafoe, T. (2011). Mindfulness meditation: A new approach to working with sexual offenders [Master's thesis, University of Toronto]. University of Toronto TSpace Repository. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/27315
- Dombert, B., Schmidt, A. F., Banse, R., Briken, P., Hoyer, J., Neutze, J., & Osterheider, M. (2016). How common is men's self-reported sexual interest in prepubescent children? Journal of Sex Research, 53, 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1020108 · DOI
- Dwyer, S. M., & Myers, S. (1990). Sex offender treatment: A six-month to ten-year follow-up study. Annals of Sex Research, 3, 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300303 · DOI
- Gannon, T. A., Olver, M. E., Mallion, J. S., & James, M. (2019). Does specialized psychological treatment for offending reduce recidivism? A meta-analysis examining staff and program variables as predictors of treatment effectiveness. Clinical Psychology Review, 73, Article 101752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101752 · DOI
- Gee, D. G., Devilly, G. J., & Ward, T. (2004). The content of sexual fantasies for sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse, 16, 315-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320401600405 · DOI
- Gee, D., Ward, T., & Eccleston, L. (2003). The function of sexual fantasies for sexual offenders: A preliminary model. Behaviour Change, 20, 44-60. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.20.1.44.24846 · DOI
- Gray, N. S., Watt, A., Hassan, S., & MacCulloch, M. J. (2003). Behavioral indicators of sadistic sexual murder predict the presence of sadistic sexual fantasy in a normative sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1018-1034. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503254462 · DOI
- Greendlinger, V., & Byrne, D. (1987). Coercive sexual fantasies of college men as predictors of self- reported likelihood to rape and overt sexual aggression. Journal of Sex Research, 23, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498709551337 · DOI
- Helmus, L., Hanson, R. K., Babchishin, K. M., & Mann, R. E. (2013). Attitudes supportive of sexual offending predict recidivism: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 14, 34-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838012462244 · DOI
- Hudson, S. M., Wales, D. S., Bakker, L., & Ward, T. (2002). Dynamic risk factors: The Kia Marama evaluation. Sexual Abuse, 14, 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320201400203 · DOI
- Jackson, R. L., & Hess, D. T. (2007). Evaluation for civil commitment of sex offenders: A survey of experts. Sexual Abuse, 19, 425-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320701900407 · DOI
- Joyal, C. C., Cossette, A., & Lapierre, V. (2015). What exactly is an unusual sexual fantasy? Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 328-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12734 · DOI
- Klein, V., Schmidt, A. F., Turner, D., & Briken, P. (2015). Are sex drive and hypersexuality associated with pedophilic interest and child sexual abuse in a male community sample? PLoS One, 10, Article e0129730. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129730 · DOI · Paper page
- Knight, R. A., Prentky, R. A., & Cerce, D. D. (1994). The development, reliability, and validity of an inventory for the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 21, 72-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854894021001006 · DOI
- Laws, D. R., & Marshall, W. L. (1991). Masturbatory reconditioning with sexual deviates: An evaluative review. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(91)90012-Y Leitenberg, H., & Henning, K. (1995). Sexual fantasy. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 469-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.469 · DOI
- Little, C. A., & Byers, E. S. (2000). Differences between positive and negative sexual cognitions. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 9, 167-179.
- Maletzky, B. M. (1985). Orgasmic reconditioning. In A. Bellack & M. Hersen (Eds.), Dictionary of behaviour therapy techniques (pp. 157-158). Pergamon.
- Mann, R. E., Hanson, R. K., & Thornton, D. (2010). Assessing risk for sexual recidivism: Some proposals on the nature of psychologically meaningful risk factors. Sexual Abuse, 22, 191-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063210366039 · DOI
- Marks, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery differences and eye movements in the recall of pictures. Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 407-412. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211175 · DOI
- Marquis, J. N. (1970). Orgasmic reconditioning: Changing sexual object choice through controlling masturbation fantasies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1, 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(70)90050-9 · DOI
- Marshall, W. L., & Lippens, K. (1977). The clinical value of boredom: A procedure for reducing inappropriate sexual interests. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 165, 283-287. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-197710000-00009 · DOI
- McKibben, A., Proulx, J., & Lusignan, R. (1994). Relationships between conflict, affect and deviant sexual behaviors in rapists and paedophiles. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 571-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90147-3 · DOI
- McSherry, B. (2014). Managing fear: The law and ethics of preventative detention and risk assessment. Routledge.
- Morina, N., Lancee, J., & Arntz, A. (2017). Imagery rescripting as a clinical intervention for aversive memories: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 55, 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.11.003 · DOI · Paper page
- Moyano, N., & Sierra, J. C. (2016). Sexual victimisation, sexual cognitions, desire and excitation/ inhibition in community Spanish male and female sexual aggressors. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 22, 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2014.996614 · DOI
- Noorishad, P. G., Levaque, E., Byers, E. S., & Shaughnessy, K. (2019). More than one flavour: University students' specific sexual fantasies, interests, and experiences. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 28, 143-158. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2019-0024 · DOI
- O'Donohue, W., Letourneau, E. J., & Dowling, H. (1997). Development and preliminary validation of a paraphilic sexual fantasy questionnaire. Sexual Abuse, 9, 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329700900302 · DOI
- Polaschek, D. L., & Gannon, T. A. (2004). The implicit theories of rapists: What convicted offenders tell us. Sexual Abuse, 16, 299-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320401600404 · DOI
- Rhue, J. W., & Lynn, S. J. (1987). Fantasy proneness and psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 327-336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.327 · DOI
- Shingler, J. (2009). Managing intrusive risky thoughts: What works? Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15, 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600802542011 · DOI
- Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S., Singh, A. N., Adkins, A. D., & Singh, J. (2011). Can adult offenders with intellectual disabilities use mindfulness-based procedures to control their deviant sexual arousal? Psychology, Crime & Law, 17, 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160903392731 · DOI
- Skovran, L. C., Huss, M. T., & Scalora, M. J. (2010). Sexual fantasies and sensation seeking among psychopathic sexual offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 16, 617-629. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160902998025 · DOI
- Smid, W. J., & Wever, E. C. (2019). Mixed emotions: An incentive motivational model of sexual deviance. Sexual Abuse, 31, 731-764. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063218775972 · DOI
- Smith, D., & Over, R. (1987). Correlates of fantasy-induced and film-induced male sexual arousal. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 16, 395-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01541422 · DOI
- Szumski, F., Bartels, R. M., Beech, A. R., & Fisher, D. (2018). Distorted cognition related to male sexual offending: The multi-mechanism theory of cognitive distortions (MMT-CD). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 39, 139-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.001 · DOI
- Tozdan, S., Dekker, A., Neutze, J., Santtila, P., & Briken, P. (2020). Sexual interest in children among women in two nonclinical and nonrepresentative online samples. Sexual Medicine, 8, 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2020.01.007 · DOI
- Turner-Moore, T., & Waterman, M. (2017). Men presenting with sexual thoughts of children or coercion: Flights of fancy or plans for crime? Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14, 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.11.003 · DOI
- Visser, B. A., DeBow, V., Pozzebon, J. A., Bogaert, A. F., & Book, A. (2015). Psychopathic sexuality: The thin line between fantasy and reality. Journal of Personality, 83, 376-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12110 · DOI
- Ward, T. (2000). Sexual offenders' cognitive distortions as implicit theories. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 491-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00036-6 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept
Toates, F. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104872 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“It appears that, given appropriate circumstances, repeated fantasy can strengthen the tendency to enact it in behavior, (Rossegger et al., 2021).”
BackgroundLievesley, R., & Harper, C. A. (2026) · Psychology & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2026.2619511 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rossegger, A., Bartels, R. M., Endrass, J., Borchard, B., & Singh, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Konstanz (DE)
- University of Lincoln (GB)
- Venue
- Sexual Offending: Theory, Research, and Prevention
- Published
- 2021-06-15
- Volume
- 16
- ISSN
- 2699-8440 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3170886119
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 1.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Sexual Offending Theory Research and Prevention (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsychOpen Gold (Leibniz Institute for Psychology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Psychology Archives (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- sexual offending, behavior therapy, cognitive intervention, mindfulness-based interventions, physiological arousal, personality profiles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review