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Deepfakes, the Weaponisation of AI Against Women and Possible Solutions
Open accessAbstract
In January 2024, social media platforms were flooded with intimate images of pop icon Taylor Swift, quickly reaching millions of users. However, the abusive content was not real; they were deepfakes – synthetic media generated by artificial intelligence (AI) to depict a person’s likeness. But the threat goes beyond celebrities. Virtually anyone (with women being disproportionately targeted) can be a victim of non-consensual intimate deepfakes (NCID). Albeit most agree that companies must be held accountable for disseminating potentially extremely harmful content like NCIDs, effective legal responsibility mechanisms remain elusive. This article proposes concrete changes to content moderation rules as well as enhanced liability for AI providers that enable such abusive content in the first place.
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“Empirical evidence indicates a clear differential impact, with victims of non-consensual intimate imagery overwhelmingly being women, and marginalized groups frequently targeted by political disinformation campaigns (Kira, 2024).”
From Deepfakes, Democracy, and the Ethics of Synthetic Media: A Synthesis of the SOLARIS Project (2026) · cites this paper as Kira, 2024
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A Misogynistic Glitch? A Feminist Critique of Algorithmic Content Moderation
Golunova, V. (2025) · Law Technology and Humans · doi:10.5204/lthj.3848 · Cited by 3
A Marketplace for AI-Generated Adult Content and Deepfakes
Ghosh, S., DeVerna, M., & Menczer, F. (2026) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3805689.3812321 · Cited by 2
Valente, M. (2025) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07727-1 · Cited by 1
Deepfakes, Democracy, and the Ethics of Synthetic Media: A Synthesis of the SOLARIS Project
(2026) · University of Maribor Press · doi:10.18690/um.feri.2.2026
AI Chips in, and the Paths Ahead
Valente, M. (2025) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07727-1_6
Governing Deepfakes: Legal Initiatives and Regulatory Gaps
Yousefi, Y., Galera, M. D. S., Tumminelli, A., Caltagirone, C., & Tonello, T. (2026) · doi:10.18690/um.feri.2.2026.7
Mishra, A., & Dash, B. (2026) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/01634437261465231
Stiefenhofer, P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-22336-4_8
Dutta, D., & Hasan, M. A. (2026) · Studies in big data · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29599-6_8
Perancangan Komik Tentang Efek Deepfake AI Seksual Terhadap Perempuan
Fadhila, D. S. Z., & Ramdhan, A. (2026) · Jurnal Desain Komunikasi Visual. · doi:10.47134/dkv.v3i3.6250
Wane, P. (2026) · Critical criminological perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14942-8_10
Metadata
- Authors
- Kira, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kira, Beatriz
- ORCID
- Kira, Beatriz
- Publisher
- Front Matter
- Published
- 2024-06-03
- OpenAlex
- W6887552406
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- intR2Dok (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- IntRechtDok
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Keywords
- deepfakes, artificial intelligence, gender-based violence, women, disinformation, countermeasures
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