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Out of Sight, Not Out of Mind: Strategies for Handling Missing Data
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe and illustrate missing data mechanisms (MCAR, MAR, NMAR) and missing data techniques (MDTs) and offer recommended best practices for addressing missingness. METHOD: We simulated data sets and employed ad hoc MDTs (deletion techniques, mean substitution) and sophisticated MDTs (full information maximum likelihood, Bayesian estimation, multiple imputation) in linear regression analyses. RESULTS: MCAR data yielded unbiased parameter estimates across all MDTs, but loss of power with deletion methods. NMAR results were biased towards larger values and greater significance. Under MAR the sophisticated MDTs returned estimates closer to their original values. CONCLUSION: State-of-the-art, readily available MDTs outperform ad hoc techniques.
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Cites
Modeling the Drop-Out Mechanism in Repeated-Measures Studies
Little, R. J. A. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476615 · Cited by 1,522
Cited by
Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology
Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., & Card, N. A. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018082 · Cited by 1,835
Taylor, G., Jungert, T., Mageau, G. A., Schattke, K., Dedic, H., Rosenfield, S., & Koestner, R. (2014) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.08.002 · Cited by 816
Hamre, B., Hatfield, B., Pianta, R., & Jamil, F. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12184 · Cited by 592
Schleider, J., & Weisz, J. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12811 · Cited by 320
Reporting the Use of Multiple Imputation for Missing Data in Higher Education Research
Manly, C. A., & Wells, R. S. (2015) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-014-9344-9 · Cited by 210
Metadata
- Authors
- Buhi, E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Health Behavior
- Publisher
- JCFCorp SG PTE LTD
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83-92
- ISSN
- 1087-3244 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4297068841
- Cited by
- 329
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 15.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
