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Cited by 89Artificial Intelligence in EducationAI in Service InteractionsIntelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning

The Effect of Chatbots and AI on The Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking of Students

Open access
Parsakia, Kamdin·2023·Health Nexus
DOI 10.61838/hn.1.1.14
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Abstract

This article delves into the multifaceted impacts of chatbots and AI in educational settings. It explores how these technologies, increasingly integrated into learning environments, influence key psychological aspects and cognitive skills among students. The review highlights the potential of chatbots in enhancing academic processes, offering personalized learning experiences, and serving as bridges to educational resources. However, it also raises concerns about the ethical use of such technologies. Focusing on psychological aspects, the article reviews literature suggesting that frequent and satisfying interactions with chatbots can enhance students' self-efficacy and engagement. Studies indicate that chatbots might improve self-efficacy in experimental settings and have indirect effects on health-related self-efficacy. In terms of self-esteem and self-confidence, the research presents mixed findings. While chatbots can positively affect body image and self-esteem among certain demographics, over-reliance on these technologies for social interaction or validation might negatively impact real human connections and individual confidence. The article also examines the impact of chatbots on problem-solving skills. Some studies suggest that AI chatbots can enhance problem-solving abilities, especially when integrated into educational systems. However, there is a risk that reliance on chatbots could limit users' exploration of alternative problem-solving strategies. Critical thinking is another area reviewed, with studies presenting diverse results. While some research indicates a positive influence of chatbots on critical thinking, others suggest limitations or context-dependent effects. The article concludes that while AI and chatbots offer transformative potential for enhancing student learning and engagement, their impact is complex and multifaceted. Future advancements in chatbot technology should aim to enhance their positive impact on users' psychological well-being and cognitive development, balancing the need for independent thinking and adaptability to complex problems.

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  • Systematic and scoping reviews note that literature on the association between functional LLM-CB use and critical thinking skills remains inconclusive.

    “Systematic and scoping reviews note that literature on the association between functional LLM-CB use and critical thinking skills remains inconclusive90–92.”

    From A scoping review on the mental health harms of LLM-based chatbots (2026) · cites this paper as [92]

    Section 2.1.4 (page not provided) describes diverse findings on chatbots and critical thinking, and the Discussion says their effects can be positive, limited, or context-dependent. That supports the claim that the evidence is inconclusive. The paper does not establish that it is a systematic or scoping review, or specifically assess functional use of LLM-based chatbots. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Parsakia, K.
Affiliations
KMAN Research Institute (CA)
Corresponding author
Parsakia, Kamdin
ORCID
Parsakia, Kamdin
Venue
Health Nexus
Publisher
KMAN Publication Incorporation
Published
2023-01-01
Volume
1
Issue
1
Pages
71-76
ISSN
2981-2569 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.61838/hn.1.1.14
OpenAlex
W4389353249
Cited by
89
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 5
FWCI
21.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Health Nexus (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
Keywords
chatbots, artificial intelligence in education, self-efficacy, self-esteem, problem-solving skills, critical thinking, student engagement, personalized learning, ethical use of AI, psychological well-being, body image

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