The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 27 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media’s Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation
Open accessAbstract
This paper examines the impact of social media on the homogenization of pop music, arguing that platforms like Spotify, YouTube, and TikTok contribute to narrowing creative possibilities within the genre. By analyzing the role of algorithms, audience behavior, and industry practices, the study highlights how social media’s emphasis on viral content and mass appeal stifles artistic diversity and innovation. Algorithms prioritize music with broad, mainstream appeal, creating a feedback loop that reinforces popular trends while marginalizing experimental or niche genres. Audience engagement further drives this homogenization, as artists increasingly tailor their work to fit algorithmic preferences and audience expectations. Industry practices, particularly the focus on producing “TikTok-friendly” hits, exacerbate this trend by favoring formulaic production over creative risk-taking. The research underscores the implications of these dynamics for global music culture, where the pressure to conform to a globalized pop standard threatens to erode local musical traditions. The paper concludes by advocating for strategies to preserve artistic diversity, including alternative distribution models, support for independent artists, and developing algorithms that promote a broader range of musical expressions.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper argues that social media algorithms, audience behavior, and industry practices contribute to the homogenization of pop music by prioritizing viral potential and mass appeal over artistic diversity and innovation. It also notes countervailing cases where platforms enable independent or unexpected artists to reach audiences.
Key findings
- Algorithms on platforms such as Spotify, YouTube, and TikTok are described as favoring mainstream, high-engagement content, reinforcing popular music’s dominance and marginalizing niche or experimental music.
- Audience behavior is said to reinforce algorithmic preferences through engagement metrics like likes, shares, comments, and watch time, though some listeners seek experimental or niche genres.
- Industry practices increasingly emphasize formulaic, short, catchy “TikTok hits” designed for viral success, which the paper links to risk-averse production and reduced creative experimentation.
- The paper acknowledges counterexamples: TikTok helped Lil Nas X’s “Old Town Road” gain popularity, Billie Eilish leveraged social media for a non-mainstream fanbase, and independent artists can use YouTube and SoundCloud to bypass traditional gatekeepers. No numerical results are reported.
Methods
- Mixed-methods approach combining qualitative content analysis and case studies, examining three areas: algorithms, audience behavior, and industry practices.
- Algorithm analysis used publicly available engagement metrics—likes, shares, comments, and watch time—from major platforms including Spotify, YouTube, and TikTok, comparing mainstream versus independent or genre-diverse musicians.
- Audience behavior was studied through surveys and interviews with music consumers and artists; industry practices were examined through three case studies: a major record label, an independent label, and a well-known artist who gained popularity through TikTok.
Limitations
- The paper states that existing literature lacks exploration of how artists navigate or subvert algorithmic constraints, global implications for non-Western music cultures, and strategies to mitigate homogenization; it calls for future research on algorithmic diversity, local traditions, and audience education.
- Evident from the text: the study reports no sample sizes, no quantitative findings, and no named case-study organizations or artists beyond illustrative examples such as Lil Nas X and Billie Eilish.
- Evident from the text: the “Abstract” section functions as an author biography rather than a study abstract, and the methodology does not specify survey/interview participant numbers or detailed analytic procedures.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
22 Sources not found · 13 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Independent artists can bypass Equinox Issue traditional gatekeepers, using platforms like YouTube and SoundCloud to distribute their music without industry constraints.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Industry Practices and the Pursuit of Viral Success
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Born & Devine, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) acknowledge that digital mediation can make musical circulation less encumbered by pre-digital institutions. But the authors explicitly caution against treating this as unrestricted democratization; our copy does not identify YouTube or SoundCloud as routes for independent artists to distribute music without industry constraints. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The case studies revealed industry strategies, such as how labels and producers design tracks to fit into algorithmic models that favor short-form content optimized for social media promotion.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Case Studies of Industry Practices
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, pop music is increasingly characterized by formulaic production and a narrow focus on replicating successful patterns, rather than fostering artistic diversity and experimentation.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Audience behavior further drives the homogenization of pop music by reinforcing algorithmic preferences.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Audience Behavior and Its Influence on Creativity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, Cotter (2019) explores the impact of YouTube's algorithmic curation on musical diversity, showing how recommendation algorithms reinforce popular genres, limiting exposure to diverse or unconventional music.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cotter (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Their study reveals that Spotify's algorithms, driven by user engagement metrics, tend to promote content that aligns with mainstream tastes, prioritizing profitability and engagement.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bonini and Sellas (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Social media's influence on pop music has led to a growing trend of homogenization, often stifling creativity and innovation.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cotter, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Prey, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Algorithms play a critical role in shaping pop music's homogenization, as they are designed to maximize user engagement by prioritizing music that appeals to mainstream tastes.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > The Role of Algorithms in Homogenizing Pop Music
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bonini and Sellas (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Algorithms are designed to optimize user retention and satisfaction, often based on past consumption patterns, which favor popular, easily accessible content.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The feedback loop created by algorithmic preferences gives more visibility to popular music, reinforcing its dominance while marginalizing less conventional music.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > The Role of Algorithms in Homogenizing Pop Music
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Bonini and Sellas (2019) provide critical insights into how Spotify's algorithmic recommendations disproportionately favor major-label artists over independent or experimental musicians.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bonini and Sellas (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature also lacks substantial discussions on possible strategies to mitigate the effects of homogenization.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By studying the interaction between algorithms, audience behavior, and industry practices, the research highlighted how digital platforms influence Equinox Issue musical creativity, often constraining artistic expression while offering new opportunities for visibility.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Case Studies of Industry Practices
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By relying on algorithms, audience behaviors, and industry practices that emphasize mass appeal and viral potential, social media has contributed to the homogenization of the genre, aligning closely with much of the literature while also leaving room for alternative perspectives.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Discussion and Analysis
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, while audience-driven algorithms tend to reinforce the status quo, they also offer room for counter-mainstream trends to emerge.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Audience Behavior and Its Influence on Creativity
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the existing literature does not fully examine the global implications of algorithmicdriven music distribution.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Non-Western music cultures face particular challenges in adapting to digital environments, where the globalized nature of pop music can overshadow local traditions.
In the paper
“Independent artists like Billie Eilish have leveraged social media to cultivate fanbases that appreciate non-mainstream styles, suggesting that not all audience behavior leads to homogeneity (Eriksson et al., 2019).”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Audience Behavior and Its Influence on Creativity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eriksson et al., 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This analysis suggests that algorithms do more than just promote content-they actively shape the type of content that gets created, incentivizing artists to adapt to these constraints rather than innovate.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prey (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Algorithms are designed to optimize user retention and satisfaction, often based on past consumption patterns, which favor popular, easily accessible content.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The authors argue that this convergence of market forces and algorithmic logic marginalizes niche or avant-garde music, emphasizing content most likely to generate high engagement.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bonini and Sellas (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a more nuanced analysis shows that audience behavior can also foster creativity.Some listeners actively seek out experimental or niche genres, and their engagement can push platforms to recommend more diverse music.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Audience Behavior and Its Influence on Creativity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While much of the literature critiques the role of algorithms in promoting homogeneity, this analysis also acknowledges the countervailing forces that social media enables, particularly for independent artists.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This push for mainstream content ensures that platforms can attract advertisers and maintain user subscriptions, but at the cost of artistic diversity.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This also highlights the broader cultural implications: the way algorithms mediate music discovery not only shapes individual tastes but also risks eroding cultural diversity by amplifying the voices of global pop while sidelining more localized or alternative genres.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cotter (2019)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spotify's emphasis on engagement metrics and profitability stems from a business model reliant on mass consumption.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In these instances, social media has facilitated innovation and diversity, giving artists more control over their creative processes (Born & Devine, 2015).”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Industry Practices and the Pursuit of Viral Success
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Born & Devine, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, the impact of social media on pop music has contributed to the homogenization of the genre, with algorithms, audience behavior, and industry practices collectively shaping a landscape that often prioritizes viral potential and mass appeal over artistic diversity and innovation.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this sense, while algorithms often promote homogeneity, they have also created opportunities for unexpected musical breakthroughs, as was the case with artists like Lil Nas X, whose”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > The Role of Algorithms in Homogenizing Pop Music
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Marshall, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Non-Western music cultures face particular challenges in adapting to digital environments, where the globalized nature of pop music can overshadow local traditions.
“Non-Western music cultures face particular challenges in adapting to these digital environments, where the globalized nature of pop music can overshadow local traditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Algorithms are designed to optimize user retention and satisfaction, often based on past consumption patterns, which favor popular, easily accessible content.
“Algorithms are designed to optimize user retention and satisfaction, often based on past consumption patterns, which favor popular, easily accessible content.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Literature review
“Cotter (2019) explores the impact of YouTube's algorithmic curation on musical diversity, showing how recommendation algorithms reinforce popular genres, limiting exposure to diverse or unconventional music.”
§ Homogenization of Pop Music: How Social Media's Algorithms Prevents Creativity and Innovation > Additional information
“Cotter, K. (2019).Playing the visibility game: How digital influencers and algorithms negotiate influence on Instagram.New Media & Society, 21(4), 895-913.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bonini, T., & Sellas, T. (2019). Spotify as a tool for music discovery: The role of algorithms in music recommendation. International Journal of Communication, 13, 2360-2378.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kierzkowski, M. (2025) · Ethnomusicology Forum · doi:10.1080/17411912.2025.2539014
Musical Homogenization in Digital Media Art: Platform Mechanisms and Creative Workflows
Liu, Y. (2026) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202623603006
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, E.
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Emily
- Venue
- Scholarly Review Journal
- Publisher
- Leadership & Innovation Lab
- Published
- 2024-10-20
- Volume
- SR Online: Showcase
- Issue
- Equinox 2024
- ISSN
- 2996-8380 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4403326785
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 10.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scholarly review . (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Music History and Culture
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Copyright and Intellectual Property
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Music Technology and Sound Studies
- Keywords
- pop music, homogenization, social media algorithms, algorithmic curation, TikTok, Spotify, YouTube, viral content, artistic diversity, audience engagement, globalization of music, independent artists, music distribution
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