Type-Specific Incidence and Persistence of HPV Infection among Young Women: A Prospective Study in North India
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) are highly prevalent among sexually active young women in India. However, not much is known about the incidence of type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and their patterns of persistence, especially in the Indian context. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of acquisition and persistence of HPV types in young women. METHODS: Women residing in an urban slum in Delhi (n=1300) were followed for 24 months at 6 monthly intervals. Exfoliated cervical cells collected at each visit were tested for the presence of HPV DNA. Genotyping was performed using the reverse line blot assay. RESULTS: The incidence rate for any HPV type was calculated to be 5 per 1000 women-months. Among high risk HPV types, HPV16 had the highest incidence rate followed by HPV59, HPV52 and HPV18, i.e., 3.0, 0.58, 0.41 and 0.35 women per 1000 women-months respectively. The persistence rate was higher for high-risk than low-risk HPV types. Among low-risk types, HPV42, HPV62, HPV84 and HPV89 were found to persist. Whereas almost all high risk types showed persistence, the highest rate was found in women with HPV types 16, 45, 67, 31, 51 and 59. The persistence rate for HPV16 infection was 45 per 1000 women-months. CONCLUSION: Incident HPV infections and high risk HPV type-specific persistence were found to be high in our study population of young married women. Understanding the patterns of HPV infection may help plan appropriate strategies for prevention programs including vaccination and screening.
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The prevalence of HPV infection among women with normal cytology showing minor gynecological complaint is high compared to other studies in India.
“Compared to other studies in India, the present study disclosed a high prevalence of HPV infection among the women with normal cytology showing minor gynecological complaint [5, 6, 15–17].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
Data on prevalence and distribution of three most prominent genotypes in cancer cases from different geographical regions of India shows a great regional variation.
“Data on the prevalence and distribution of three most prominent genotypes in the cancer cases from different geographical regions of India shows a great regional variation [5–9, 15–17].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results report HPV genotype frequencies among young women in Delhi, but not among cancer cases. The Discussion describes the study as examining incidence and persistence in young women; our copy does not compare cancer cases across Indian regions. Searches for regional variation and genotype distribution in cancer cases found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSynergistic effect of multiple infections by HPV genotypes on carcinogenesis is supported by many studies.
“Synergistic effect of multiple infections by HPV genotypes on carcinogenesis is supported by many studies [7–9, 17, 26], while contradicting studies [25, 29, 31, 32, 35] invoke confusion.”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results (page unavailable) report that multiple HPV infections occurred in 3% of samples. The Introduction and Discussion (pages unavailable) link persistent high-risk HPV infection—not multiple-genotype infection or synergy—to cervical lesions and cancer. A search for multiple infections and carcinogenesis found no passage addressing the claimed synergistic effect. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDemographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational level, place of residence, socioeconomic status, and religion were found to influence both HPV awareness and vaccine acceptance.
“Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational level, place of residence, socioeconomic status, and religion were found to influence both HPV awareness and vaccine acceptance18,27,28,30,36.”
From Barriers to HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in India: A scoping review (2026) · cites this paper as [27]
The Study design and Results sections describe a cohort of young married women and measure HPV infection, not HPV awareness or vaccine acceptance. A search for demographic predictors of awareness and vaccine acceptance found no passage addressing those outcomes. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Moscicki AB, Schiffman M, Kjaer S, Villa LL (2006). Chapter 5: updating the natural history of HPV and anogenital cancer. Vaccine, 24, 42-1.
Cited by
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Senapati, R., Nayak, B., Kar, S. K., & Dwibedi, B. (2017) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2136-4 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Barriers to HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in India: A scoping review
Josten, K., Rose Dhar, R., Reshmi, B., Natti Krishna, V., & Vennila, J. (2026) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.25259/ijmr_1834_2025 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Datta et al 29 reported high persistence of HPV types among young married women, underlining a need for earlier individual awareness.”
- Authors
- Datta, P., Bhatla, N., Pandey, R. M., Dar, L., Patro, A. R., Vasisht, S., Kriplani, A., & Singh, N.
- Affiliations
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Venue
- Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
- Published
- 2012-03-31
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1019-1024
- ISSN
- 1513-7368 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2104256109
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Genital Health and Disease
- Keywords
- human papillomavirus, HPV incidence, persistent HPV infection, high-risk HPV, HPV16, young married women, cervical HPV infection, HPV genotyping, HPV vaccination, cervical cancer screening
- MeSH terms
- Cervix Uteri, DNA, Viral, Female, Genotype, Humans, India, Prospective Studies, Vaginal Smears, Incidence, Papillomavirus Infections, Alphapapillomavirus
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