Cited by 705HIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsHIV Research and TreatmentHIV-related health complications and treatments

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Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection.

Schacker, Timothy, Collier, Ann C., Hughes, James, Shea, Theresa, Corey, Lawrence·1996·Annals of Internal Medicine

DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-125-4-199608150-00001

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The acute clinical events surrounding the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE: To further define the clinical and epidemiologic presentation of primary HIV infection. DESIGN: Descriptive cohort study. SETTING: University research clinic. PATIENTS: 46 adults (43 men and 3 women) with primary HIV infection who enrolled in the study a median of 51 days after HIV seroconversion. MEASUREMENTS: Documentation of recent HIV seroconversion. Standardized collection of demographic characteristics and sexual contact history, results of tests for HIV RNA, HIV culture, and T-cell subsets. RESULTS: 41 of 46 patients (89%) developed an acute retroviral syndrome. Primary HIV infection was infrequently diagnosed at the initial medical encounter, even in persons enrolled in routine HIV screening programs. Median numbers of sexual partners 6 months and 1 month before acquisition of HIV were three and one, respectively; 21 patients (46%) reported having had only one partner in the month before seroconversion. Of the 12 patients who could identify the precise date of and activity leading to seroconversion, 4 reported having only oral-genital contact. CONCLUSIONS: Primary HIV infection causes a recognizable clinical syndrome that is often underdiagnosed, even in persons enrolled in a program of routine surveillance for HIV infection. Frequency of sexual contact and overall numbers of sexual partners in this group of homosexual men who acquired HIV were markedly lower than those seen a decade ago. Acquisition of HIV does occur, even in persons with relatively few sexual partners. Increased attention to oral-genital contact as a means of acquiring HIV appears to be warranted.

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Items 301–400 of 705

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Background
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Acute Retroviral Syndrome
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Increased Sequence Coverage through Combined Targeting of Variant and Conserved Epitopes Correlates with Control of HIV Replication
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Background
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Molsberry, S. A., Cheng, Y., Kingsley, L., et al. (2018) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001865 · Cited by 17
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Self-citation
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McCoy, S. I., Eron, J. J., Kuruc, J. A. D., et al. (2009) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3181997252 · Cited by 17
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Background
No Time to Delay! Fiebig Stages and Referral in Acute HIV infection: Seattle Primary Infection Program Experience
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Self-citation
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“monitoring, and HLA typing have been reported previously (7, 40).”
Method
Comparison of clinical features, CD4 and CD8 responses among patients with acute HIV-1 infection from Geneva, Seattle and Sydney
Vanhems, P., Hughes, J., Collier, A. C., Vizzard, J., Perrin, L. H., Cooper, D. A., Hirschel, B. J., & Corey, L. (2000) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200003100-00010 · Cited by 17
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BackgroundSelf-citation
Central Nervous System Infections
Zimmer, A. J., Burke, V. E., & Bloch, K. C. (2016) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.dmih2-0012-2015 · Cited by 16
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Effect of an opt-out point-of-care HIV-1 nucleic acid testing intervention to detect acute and prevalent HIV infection in symptomatic adult outpatients and reduce HIV transmission in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial
Sanders, E. J., Agutu, C., van der Elst, E., Hassan, A., Gichuru, E., Mugo, P., Farquhar, C., Babigumira, J. B., Goodreau, S. M., Hamilton, D. T., et al. (2022) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.13157 · Cited by 15
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Self-citation
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Background
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“Symptoms typically last less than 14 days but can range from a few days to several months.(3,4) Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and elevated hepatic enzymes are common laboratory abnormalities.”
Background
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Guatelli, J., Siliciano, R. F., Kuritzkes, D. R., & Richman, D. D. (2016) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819439.ch34 · Cited by 16
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Background
Human immunodeficiency virus infection, Part I
Horowitz, H. W., Telzak, E. E., Sepkowitz, K. A., & Wormser, G. P. (1998) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/s0011-5029(98)90014-1 · Cited by 16
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Method
Lymphoid Tissue Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Development and Tissue Remodeling
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“Furthermore, several observations describe an inverse correlation between the number of CD4 + T-cells in the LN paracortical region and tissue fibrosis in HIV-1 infected patients [55, 56].”
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Primary HIV infection
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BackgroundSelf-citation
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Miyasaki, Y., Goetz, M. B., & Newton, T. F. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008088783-8.00103-0 · Cited by 15
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Morgan, D., Mahé, C., & Whitworth, J. (2001) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200108170-00016 · Cited by 15
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Self-citation
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Sun, H., Chen, M., Hung, C., et al. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Immunobiology of Mucosal HIV-1 Infection * *This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants DK-47322, HD-41361, and DK-64400 and the Research Service of the Department of Veterans Affairs.
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Brodie, S. J. (2000) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.68.3.351 · Cited by 15
“Isolation of infectious HIV and quantitative microculture was performed as described previously (50).”
Method
Retracted
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“CD4þ counts generally decline during the high titer viremia of acute infection, and subsequently recover, at least partially, in concert with development of the immune response and declines in viremia.(36) Subsequently, CD4þ counts decline over time in untreated individuals.”
Background
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“When new HIV-infection is symptomatic, fever is present in over 90% of patients (8).”
Background
Fatal brain necrosis in primary HIV infection
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“Importantly, unlike other studies, our cohort was not referral based and subsequently was not biased toward the enrollment of symptomatic patients.(19,34) Also, the inclusion of different high-risk groups in our cohort allows generalizability for the different routes of transmission, both parenteral and sexual.”
Result
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Background
Do Scarce Targets or T Killers Control Primary HIV Infection?
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Self-citation
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Kopko, P. M., Calhoun, L., & Petz, L. D. (1999) · Transfusion · doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39499235670.x · Cited by 13
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Larsen, B. B., Chen, L., Maust, B. S., Kim, M., Zhao, H. C., Deng, W., Westfall, D. H., Beck, I. A., Frenkel, L. M., & Mullins, J. I. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076502 · Cited by 12
“We also applied our methods to specimens from five additional subjects recruited through the University of Washington HIV Primary Infection Clinic [29].”
Method
Short Communication: New HIV Infections at Southern New England Academic Institutions: Implications for Prevention
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“and Western blot assay (60), HIV-1 plasma RNA reverse transcription-PCR”
MethodSelf-citation
Seek and treat: HIV update 2011
Taege, A. J. (2011) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.78gr.10003 · Cited by 11
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“Although the patient denied any symptoms consistent with acute retroviral syndrome [4] and reported excellent adherence to PrEP (with only 2 missed doses reported in the past year), there was an initial concern that the positive POC test for the p24 antigen might represent true infection.”
Background
Preparing for an Influenza Pandemic: Are Some People More Equal than Others?
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Acute HIV Infection: Diagnosis and Management in the Emergency Department
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“Many of these patients seek medical attention in emergency departments (EDs) and primary care clinics.(4,5) Therefore, recognizing acute HIV infection in the ED and initiating strategies to prevent further transmission are important opportunities to limit the spread of HIV.”
BackgroundInfluential
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Nepal, P., Ojili, V., Kumar, S. A., et al. (2020) · Emergency Radiology · doi:10.1007/s10140-020-01757-6 · Cited by 12
“MAC and CMV infections develop in the setting of profound immunosuppression with CD4 count less than 60 mm(3) [17].”
Background
Guidelines for antiretroviral therapy
Carpenter, C. C. J. (2004) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7869-2_13 · Cited by 12
Improving HIV Surveillance in Victoria
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Thomas Parran Award Lecture: Transmission and Prevention of Transmission of HIV-1
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RISKS AND ISSUES FOR THE HEALTH CARE WORKER IN THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ERA
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“The detection of viral nucleic acid is more sensitive and costeffective than the detection of p24 Ag [26,27].”
Background
Acute HIV-1 Infection: Paradigm and Singularity
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“AHI is symptomatic in over 50% of cases [109]; however, more than 90% of AHI cases remain undiagnosed [110] primarily due to the highly variable clinical manifestations [111].”
Insights from host genomics into HIV infection and disease: Identification of host targets for drug development
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Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Rhabdomyolysis
Moanna, A., Skarbinski, J., Kalokhe, A. S., et al. (2011) · Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research · doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000119 · Cited by 11
“Other presenting signs and symptoms may include pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, oral or genital ulcers, and aseptic meningitis [11].”
Background
Oral and Systemic Health Correlates of HIV-1 Shedding in Saliva
Navazesh, M., Mulligan, R., Kono, N., et al. (2010) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034510375290 · Cited by 11
“Blood, semen, vaginal and cervical secretions, and breast milk are established sources of HIV transmission (Schacker et al., 1996).”
Background
Systemic and Mucosal Differences in HIV Burden, Immune, and Therapeutic Responses
Wahl, S. M., Redford, M., Christensen, S., et al. (2011) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31820cdfdb · Cited by 11
Treatment of primary HIV
Stekler, J. D., & Collier, A. C. (2002) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-002-0071-6 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Case 37-2001
Yawetz, S., & Mark, E. J. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcpc3756515 · Cited by 11
Optimal control of an HIV model with CTL cells and latently infected cells
Danane, J., & Allali, K. (2019) · Numerical Algebra Control and Optimization · doi:10.3934/naco.2019048 · Cited by 11
Prospective Evaluation of HIV Testing Technologies in a Clinical Setting: Protocol for Project DETECT
Stekler, J. D., Violette, L. R., Clark, H. A., et al. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/16332 · Cited by 11
“Participants complete the part 2 survey, providing electronic affirmation of consent for study participation and specimen storage within the survey as well as demographics; history of HIV testing and recent STDs; symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome [16]; substance use; sexual behaviors, including group sex events [1…”
Background
Pharyngitis
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Cao, H., & Walker, B. D. (2000) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00135-2 · Cited by 11
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Background
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Manak, M., Eller, L. A., Malia, J. A., Jagodzinski, L. L., Trichavaroj, R., Oundo, J. O., Lueer, C., Cham, F., de Souza, M. S., Michael, N. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00431-17 · Cited by 9
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BackgroundInfluential
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Authors: Schacker, T., Collier, A. C., Hughes, J., Shea, T., & Corey, L.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author: Schacker, Timothy
ORCID: Schacker, Timothy
Collier, Ann C.
Corey, Lawrence
Venue: Annals of Internal Medicine
Publisher: American College of Physicians
Published: 1996-08-15
Volume: 125
Issue: 4
Pages: 257-264
ISSN: 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
1539-3704
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-125-4-199608150-00001
OpenAlex: W2008972159
Cited by: 703
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 28.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.acpjournals.org/journal/aim/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
Locations: Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (n01ai045206-013)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 27757, AI-45206, P30AI027757)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
Keywords: primary HIV infection, acute retroviral syndrome, HIV seroconversion, underdiagnosis, sexual partners, oral-genital contact, gay men, HIV transmission, T cell subsets, HIV RNA
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, HIV, HIV Seropositivity, Homosexuality, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, RNA, Viral, Time Factors, United States, Washington, HIV Infections, Polymerase Chain Reaction, HIV Core Protein p24, CD4 Lymphocyte Count

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Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection.

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