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What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled?: Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China
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According to the Zuǒ zhuàn, in 607 BCE Zhào Chuān murdered Lord Líng of Jìn, but the Spring and Autumn ascribes the assassination to Zhào Dùn, senior member of the Zhào lineage and chief minister of Jìn. Remarks attributed to Confucius defend the ascription to Zhào Dùn, stating that had he fled across the border, he would have avoided blame. That Zhào Dùn was assigned responsibility for a crime he did not commit has been a source of much discussion and has been described as “false” or “inaccurate.” An overview of flights into exile (bēn 奔) in Spring and Autumn-period China indicates that although flight sometimes provided a practical mechanism for escaping difficulties, crossing the border without official sanction had substantial political and religious ramifications, including loss of position in the ancestral temple. Confucius's remark may be understood as framing Zhào Dùn's failure to flee across the border in terms of ritual or legal rules, implying that crossing the border would have removed him from a position of responsibility. Later versions of the story do not mention border crossing, focusing instead on moral responsibility, and their explanations of why blame was assigned to Zhào Dùn were attempts to rationalize recording practices that were based on earlier, Spring and Autumn-period norms, which no longer made sense in later times.
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“In most contemporary legal systems, running away does not allow criminals to be absolved of guilt, and even in early China, as shown by the case of Sòng 宋 nobleman Wàn 萬described below, flight was not always a way to succeed at getting away with murder .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
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“An overview of flights into exile (bēn 奔) in Spring and Autumn-period China indicates that although flight sometimes provided a practical mechanism for escaping difficulties, crossing the border without official sanction had substantial political and religious ramifications, including loss of position in the ancestral temple .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
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“The second part of this paper explores other versions of this story and its early reception, and reveals a shift in emphasis from lamenting Zhào Dùn's failure to flee to asserting that he bore responsibility because he did not punish the true murderer .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > �
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“The record concerning Zhào Dùn is but one of many in which the Spring and Autumn assigns responsibility to a person whom the Zuǒ zhuàn leads us to view as innocent, at least by most contemporary Western standards .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
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“Thus the Zuǒ zhuàn recounts cases in which a nobleman fled to another state, but his home state requested his return, as in the case of Wàn of Sòng, who fled after murdering his ruler but”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
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“Later versions of the story do not mention border crossing, focusing instead on moral responsibility, and their explanations of why blame was assigned to Zhào Dùn were attempts to rationalize recording practices that were based on earlier, Spring and Autumn-period norms, which no longer made sense in later times .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
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“First, Spring and Autumn records of killings or assassinations never identify multiple killers but inevitably assign responsibility to a single person .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
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“More generally, records of “going out in flight” are often associated with criticism or negative evaluations of the fugitive, in contrast with records using the two other patterns .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
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“Although Zhào Dùn's case has attracted special notice because of his protests and because of the comments ascribed to Confucius, it is not unique; the Spring and Autumn contains other cases in which an ostensibly innocent person is recorded as an assassin .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
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In the paper
“Comparison of Spring and Autumn records with corresponding Zuǒ zhuàn accounts of regicide reveals no clear rule .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
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“The Spring and Autumn employs three different patterns to record flights, and which pattern was used seems to have been contingent on the rank of the individual who fled, and, if he fled to Lǔ, perhaps also on the reception he received .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
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“First, they often refer explicitly to the fugitive's crossing the border (jìng竟or 境) of his home state .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Lǔ turned him away precisely because they did not wish to leave themselves open to charges of harboring a fugitive .28”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28]
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plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“We know that punishments of assassins were not consistently recorded in the Spring and Autumn since, in several cases, the Zuǒ zhuàn tells us that an assassin was executed, yet this goes without mention in the Spring and Autumn .32”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
What the sources say
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“When Lord Xiàn fled, upon reaching the border, he dispatched an official to return to the Wèi capital to announce his exile in the temple .In this case, the exiled ruler seems to have intended to control the news received by the ancestors, since the official was instructed to “report his departure, and moreover to report that he was without blame” 告亡且告無罪 .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zuǒ, Xiāng 14, 1013-1014
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“Ceremonial reports of flights were also sent to other states .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
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“Similar language was used in reference to nobility, but instead of abandoning the state altars, a nobleman was said to have “failed to keep watch over the ancestral temple” 失守宗廟 .43”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [43]
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“When a nobleman was killed by someone from another state, the phrase “their nobleman” 其大夫 was omitted .49”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
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“Comparison with corresponding Zuǒ zhuàn accounts shows that each of these noblemen was killed after fleeing his state and then returning .53”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
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“This distinction is clearly manifested in Spring and Autumn records of killings and assassinations .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
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“The two types of record that regularly include rulers' names are deaths and assassinations .55”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
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In the paper
“The omission of the phrase “their nobleman” is not an isolated irregularity or error; in at least five Spring and Autumn records, the killing of a nobleman by his own state is recorded without this phrase .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Curiously, the Zuǒ zhuàn notes that records also omit the phrase “their nobleman” when the victim “came from abroad” (zì wài自外), as here:”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
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“that Lord Líng intended to kill Zhào Dùn”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“that Zhào Chuān killed Lord Líng”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
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“Interestingly, records of rulers' flights into exile also often give their names .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Unlike Zuǒ zhuàn and Gǔliáng, the Gōngyáng account does not suggest that flight-whether crossing the border or simply going far-would have permitted Zhào Dùn to avoid being identified as the assassin .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“that Lord Líng's successor was established with Zhào Dùn's support .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This version does not mention Zhào Dùn's flight but makes many of the same factual assertions as other versions”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The notion of flight as a method of voicing protest or even a ministerial obligation is not restricted to this account in Gǔliáng .It was mentioned above in conjunction with the flights of Zǐxián and Huà Yuán in the Zuǒ zhuàn, and also appears in a number of other early works, including Gōngyáng and the Lǐ jì .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Additional information
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“What cannot be disputed is that Spring and Autumn records did assign responsibility for actions, including meritorious achievements and criminal acts, by simply naming the responsible individual .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
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“As noted at the outset of this study, assignment of responsibility was clearly not contingent on physical involvement”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
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In the paper
“Yet neither Gōngyáng nor Gǔliáng suggests that he could have escaped blame by crossing the border .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
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In the paper
“Responsibility was assigned selectively; this is evidenced by the fact that one and only one individual could be identified as a killer or assassin, or as the leader of a military action or a diplomatic mission, or as making a covenant or participating in a meeting .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By recording Zhào Dùn as the assassin, the court scribe assigned responsibility to him, despite the fact that he did not actually commit the murder .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As I propose in this paper, it is likely that similar religiously based conventions determined how Lord Líng's assassination was recorded and what Zhào Dùn's role was said to have been .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nonetheless, Confucius's remark suggests that flight into exile did allow individuals such as Zhào Dùn (that is, individuals who were deemed responsible by early Chinese standards, even if not by contemporary norms) to avoid being assigned responsibility for their crimes .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that not a single Spring and Autumn record identifies more than one killer indicates the existence of a rule prohibiting the record-keepers from identifying multiple assassins .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I propose that the case of Zhào Dùn likely involved formal rules that connected flight (or in Zhào Dùn's case, failure to flee) with assignment of responsibility in official records such as the Spring and Autumn or the Jìn record referred to in this account, and that Confucius's remark was aimed at pointing out that both the record made by the good scribe Dǒng Hú and Zhào Dùn's begrudging accept”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
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In the paper
“Later versions of the story do not mention border crossing, focusing instead on moral responsibility, and their explanations of why blame was assigned to Zhào Dùn were attempts to rationalize recording practices that were based on earlier, Spring and Autumn-period norms, which no longer made sense in later times .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the events are narrated in the Zuǒ zhuàn, this flight constituted a very public protest and admonishment of the ruler's misconduct .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The requirement that undertakings requiring crossing the border and leaving the state be reported to the spirits confirms that these activities were not merely political in nature but were closely bound up with religious practice .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unsanctioned border crossings had specific consequences for those who fled, whether rulers or nobility .This is indicated by Zuǒ zhuàn narratives and by formal variations in the phrasing of Spring and Autumn records .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The instructions given to Gōngsūn Qīng imply a corollary, namely, that if the ruler had crossed the borders and left his state, he would no longer be the ruler .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That flight into exile led to a fundamental change in status is confirmed by the Spring and Autumn and its commentaries, which indicate that events concerning noblemen who had left their home states without sanction were recorded with phrasing that marked them as categorically different from noblemen who had not done so .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But once an individual fled across the border, his status underwent a fundamental change .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perhaps most significantly, it entailed abandoning one's obligations to the ancestors .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Flights into exile thus seem to belong to the same general category as deaths and assassinations .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Narratives concerning Zhào Dùn and the assassination of Lord Líng appear in a number of early works, including (in addition to the Zuǒ zhuàn), Guóyǔ 國語, Gōngyáng zhuàn, Gǔliáng zhuàn, Shǐ jì, and Kǒngzǐ jiāyǔ孔子家語, and references to these events appear in other works, including Chūnqiū fán lù春秋繁露, Hàn shū漢書, and Hòu Hàn shū後漢書 .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But later retellings of this incident regard it in a substantially different way .They are not concerned with formal rules but with moral responsibility as evidenced in Zhào Dùn's failure to punish the criminal, or perhaps his failure to protest Lord Líng's misconduct in sufficiently strong language and actions .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We may conclude that fleeing into exile was more than simply running away and removing oneself from physical danger of capture and punishment .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Spring and Autumn and Zuǒ zhuàn evidence shows that fleeing across borders had specific, formal consequences .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An individual who left his home state and crossed the border without the proper ceremonies experienced a change of status, both political and religious, among the living and among the ancestors .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perhaps these records should be understood as indicating the “death” of a ruler with respect to his ancestral and state obligations .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet it is perhaps because of the lack of physical involvement that records such as the one ascribing Lord Líng's murder to Zhào Dùn were later described as false, as misrepresenting facts, or ascribing the crime to an innocent party, and elaborate attempts were made to justify and explain these records as reflecting moral responsibility or intent .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over time, retellings of this story increasingly emphasized Zhào Dùn's intent and his moral position as an official who was obligated to punish the guilty party yet failed to do so .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This in turn suggests that the conventions that served as the basis for the Spring and Autumn and similar state records may have been primarily concerned with formal religious practice and ceremonial activities rather than with the moral interior of individuals or with their actions as expressions of intent .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet just as assignment of responsibility was not based on physical involvement, blame likewise may not have been assigned based primarily on moral intent, despite later commentarial assertions to the contrary .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By presenting Zhào Dùn's remonstration and flight in parallel language, the Gǔliáng version frames his flight not as an attempt to escape punishment for a crime, but as the protest of an unheeded critic of the ruler .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 96
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regicide could also be ascribed to the individual who instigated the assassination plot, to someone who benefited from the death, or to the highest-ranking person involved, even if that person had little or no direct involvement .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Corresponding Zuǒ zhuàn accounts indicate that individuals who “came fleeing” to Lǔ enjoyed formal reception and official recognition .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Yet for individuals accused of crimes, flight was not a foolproof way to escape trouble, and some fugitives were turned away or captured and sent back to their home states .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assassin identified in the Spring and Autumn was often not the person who, according to the Zuǒ zhuàn, actually wielded the murder weapon, and he was not necessarily present when the killing took place .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An overview of flights into exile (bēn 奔) in Spring and Autumn-period China indicates that although flight sometimes provided a practical mechanism for escaping difficulties, crossing the border without official sanction had substantial political and religious ramifications, including loss of position in the ancestral temple .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although not all records of “going out in flight” are preceded by records of the fugitive's alleged misconduct, many correspond to Zuǒ zhuàn narratives that reveal that the person who fled had engaged in wrongdoing or was facing punishment in his home state .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On at least one occasion, someone who fled was not only permitted to do so, but his household members and belongings were later sent after him .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the Spring and Autumn period, flight provided a practical mechanism for escaping difficulties in one's home state, and those who fled were typically escaping a bad situation rather than being drawn to a good situation elsewhere .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“he instead chose to commit suicide, stating that other states would believe the slander and not receive him .29”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, although some assassins who fled into exile were sent back and executed, the ultimate fate of most who fled is unknown .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The crime in Sòng was not regicide but the murder of the late ruler's son, and unlike Zhào Dùn, Huà Yuán was not kin to the criminal .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After Zǐxián fled, his ruler sent someone to urge him to turn back, but he refused to do so .Later, when asked to take office in Jìn, he also refused, saying that this would cause others to suspect he had fled Wèi to take office elsewhere, and he did not wish his motive to be questioned .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zuǒ, Xiāng 27, 1127-29; CQ, Xiāng 27 .4,1126
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zhào Dùn's case was particularly unusual since, although he was recorded as an assassin in the official record of his home state, he was not executed, and after his return he continued to play an active role as a Jìn official .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some individuals fled after being accused of crimes such as assassination or fomenting rebellion, but others offended their rulers by speaking too freely and admonishing their rulers or disagreeing with their decisions .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Subsequently, the ruler's younger brother Zǐxián 子鮮(also called Zhuān 鱄) fled in protest, saying: 賞罰無章．何以沮勸．君失其信．而國無刑． Reward and punishment have no standard!How can [bad] be blocked and [good] be encouraged?The lord has lost his trustworthiness and the state is without [appropriate] punishment .(Zuǒ, Xiāng 27, 1128)”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zuǒ, Xiāng 27, 1128
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reason that Zhào Dùn was persecuted was that he had openly admonished Lord Líng for his immoral conduct, and Lord Líng had made it clear that he would not change his ways .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Declaring that his crime was great for not correcting the situation, Huà Yuán fled to Jìn .Eventually he was convinced to return, but he consented only under the condition that he be allowed to avenge the crime, which he did upon his return .31”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This is confirmed by the account of an earlier Wèi ruler, Lord Xiàn 獻, who also fled but who did cross the border .After his departure, a Lǔ visitor to Wèi stated that the Lǔ ruler had “heard that your ruler is not in charge of the altars of earth and grain and has crossed the borders into another realm” 聞君不撫社稷而越在他 竟 .42”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Zuǒ zhuàn asserts that such reports formed the basis of many Spring and Autumn records .46”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, many mention ancestral sacrifices and assert that a consequence of flight into exile was abandoning the altars or cutting off ancestral sacrifices .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In response he was told, “if he is still within the borders, then he is the Wèi ruler” 猶在竟內，則衛君也 .41 Gōngsūn Qīng thus paid his visit to the ruler, even though he had left the capital and was camping in the wilderness .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These cases included flight after committing an assassination, flight during a succession struggle, or fleeing only to return to lead an insurrection .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At first reading, this claim appears to defy logic, for Luán Yíng most certainly was a nobleman of Jìn, and the Gōngyáng commentators definitely knew this, since he is referred to as such in the record of his flight from Jìn in Xiāng 21, two years prior .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gōngyáng, Xiāng 23, 20 .11a-11b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cases in which a nobleman engaged in similar misconduct, did not flee, and was killed are recorded with the words “his nobleman”; instances lacking the words “his nobleman” differ only in that the victim was killed after fleeing to another state .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Zhào Dùn's aborted flight was not the only case in which someone fled but did not leave the state .At least two other Zuǒ zhuàn narratives concern noblemen who fled only as far as the border .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Apparently, a similar distinction applied to killings of noblemen .The majority of killings of noblemen are recorded in the Spring and Autumn with the phrase “killed their nobleman” 殺其大夫 .In such cases, the nobleman was from the same state as his killer .48”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By way of background, we must first note that Spring and Autumn records of cases in which a ruler or heir was killed abroad typically use phrasing different from that used when the killing took place in his home state .Similarly, if the killer was from a different state, the record uses shā殺'kill' instead of shì 弒 'assassinate, commit regicide', a verb whose use is restricted to the killing of a”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately for Gōngzǐ Dì, his brother miscalculated .The ruler did not stop him and subsequently refused to heed his brother's pleas on his behalf .In the end, both brothers fled the state .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this connection, we may also observe that names (míng名) of regional rulers were not included in the majority of Spring and Autumn records, and the subset of records that employ rulers' names should be considered a special or “marked” group . 54”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gōngyáng is mainly concerned with Zhào Dùn's failure to punish the criminal, and asserts that this failure was the reason he was recorded as the assassin .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Curiously, the Gōngyáng version of Zhào Dùn's story does not appear in conjunction with the record of Lord Líng's assassination in Xuān 2 .Instead, it is placed to correspond to a later but unrelated record that mentions Zhào Dùn, in Xuān 6 .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These accounts differ in length, and some works contain more than one version .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two other versions, one in Shǐ jì and the other in Kǒngzǐ jiāyǔ, closely resemble the Zuǒ zhuàn narrative in content and phrasing, and likewise quote both the Dǒng Hú and Confucius .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This narrative is similar to the story told in the Zuǒ zhuàn, but it is not integrated with the account of Lord Líng's assassination .Instead, it is presented separately, as part of the response to the question, why did Zhào Dùn return?”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The emphasis of the Gǔliáng account differs from that of the Zuǒ zhuàn and related versions .Confucius's comment does not occur, and although Gǔliáng, like Zuǒ zhuàn, includes the dialogue between Zhào Dùn and the scribe Dǒng Hú, the phrasing is somewhat different, and Zhào Dùn's flight is presented not as an attempt to escape but as a protest in response to Lord Líng's failure to heed his admon”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significantly with respect to whether they mention Zhào Dùn's flight, and if so, what they say about it .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elsewhere, Gōngyáng also mentions that unheeded ministers should flee, but it does not apply this principle to Zhào Dùn's case .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Gōngyáng passage translated above is followed by a somewhat longer narrative that recounts Lord Líng's misconduct, Zhào Dùn's admonitions, and Lord Líng's repeated yet unsuccessful attempts on Zhào Dùn's life .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Zuǒ zhuàn version, translated at the outset of this study, not only mentions Zhào Dùn's flight but also narrates Zhào Dùn's interaction with the Jìn scribe Dǒng Hú and quotes Confucius's commentary .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It differs from other versions in that it neither refers to Zhào Dùn's guilt or innocence in Lord Líng's death nor does it mention the act of recording the assassination .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in the Zuǒ zhuàn, the scribe observes that Zhào Dùn neither crossed the border nor punished the criminal, and Confucius laments that if only he had crossed the border, he would have avoided blame .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not surprisingly, the Chūnqiū fán lù passage resembles Gōngyáng in that it is primarily concerned with the fact that Zhào Dùn did not personally assassinate his ruler but was still recorded as the assassin, and elaborates on the Gōngyáng assertion that this judgment was made because Zhào Dùn bore moral responsibility as a consequence of his failure to punish Zhào Chuān .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These allusions all criticize Zhào Dùn for his failure to avenge the crime and, like Gōngyáng, assert that this failure was the reason that Lord Líng's assassination was ascribed to him .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Spring and Autumn records themselves display deep concern with relative hierarchy and with ritually significant events, and many common types of records, such as those of the Lǔ ruler's return from abroad, are connected to religious ceremonies but have no obvious connection with morality or intent .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apparently, these failures rendered him culpable for the crime .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zhào Dùn himself is not directly implicated in the killing in the Zuǒ zhuàn narrative, and accounts in other texts concur that he did not personally commit the murder .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two works do not always agree; that is, there are cases in which the information given in the Spring and Autumn appears to conflict with that in the Zuǒ zhuàn .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“According to the Zuǒ zhuàn, in 607 Bce Zhào Chuān murdered Lord Líng of Jìn, but the Spring and Autumn ascribes the assassination to Zhào Dùn, senior member of the Zhào lineage and chief minister of Jìn .”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“That account tells us that Jìn ruler Lord Líng 靈公(whose personal name was Yígāo 夷臯) was murdered not by Zhào Dùn 趙盾, senior member of the Zhào lineage and chief minister of Jìn, but by one Zhào Chuān 趙穿, his junior kinsman .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CQ, Xuān 2.4,650
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Zuǒ, Xuān 2, 663
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas Spring and Autumn records are brief, formulaic notations, as illustrated by the record of Lord Líng's assassination, the bulk of the Zuǒ zhuàn comprises narrative accounts, many (but not all) of which correspond to Spring and Autumn records, albeit with significantly more detail .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An alternative view associates the Spring and Autumn with religious practice, including ritual announcements (gào 告) and the ancestral cult .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It almost certainly originated as an official record of Lǔ, but the provenance of the current text is disputed .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Spring and Autumn is a register of selected events recorded from the perspective of the ancient Chinese state of Lǔ, covering 722 to 479 bce .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CQ
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“That is, the court scribe did not allege that Zhào Dùn had personally killed his ruler but observed that he had neither crossed the border nor punished the offense upon his return .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zuǒ, Xuān 2, 663
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scribe then displayed the record in the Jìn court, presumably to make public his judgment that Zhào Dùn bore responsibility for the assassination .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it has been claimed that the record treated Zhào Dùn as morally culpable because, as chief minister, he failed to punish the actual killer .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Zuǒ zhuàn is one of the three primary commentaries or “traditions” (zhuàn 傳) to the Spring and Autumn and, as such, is closely related to the Spring and Autumn, but it diverges significantly in form and content .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The court scribe recorded, saying, “Zhào Dùn assassinated his ruler,” and showed it to the court .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zuǒ, Xuān 2, 663
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Remarks attributed to Confucius defend the ascription to Zhào Dùn, stating that had he fled across the border, he would have avoided blame .”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Confucius said, “Dǒng Hú was a good scribe of old; his rules for recording did not conceal [responsibility] .Zhào Xuānzǐ was a good nobleman of old; on account of these rules [of recording] he accepted humiliation .6 What a pity, had he crossed the border, he would have avoided blame!””
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zuǒ, Xuān 2, 663
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the connection of the Spring and Autumn with religious practice appears to be supported by its highly regular structure and formulaic language together with its attention to hierarchy and apparent ritual avoidances .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cases of individuals “coming in flight,” like those of rulers who “fled,” are not associated with criticism; presumably the fact that Lǔ accepted these fugitives meant that Lǔ did not view them as criminals, even if their home state regarded them in a different light .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assuming that similar rules applied to the Jìn records, this means that when the scribe Dǒng Hú recorded Lord Líng's murder, naming both Zhào Dùn and Zhào Chuān would not have been an option .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Similar recording rules applied to the Jìn records as to the Spring and Autumn.
In the paper
“States were also criticized for harboring fugitives, and taking in someone whom another state deemed a criminal could generate discord .27”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus some flights were surreptitious escapes by the fugitive without the state's knowledge or consent, others were punishments enforced by the government, and still others may have been instances in which a fugitive was quietly allowed to flee, with the government's tacit consent .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I propose that the case of Zhào Dùn likely involved formal rules that connected flight (or in Zhào Dùn's case, failure to flee) with assignment of responsibility in official records such as the Spring and Autumn or the Jìn record referred to in this account, and that Confucius's remark was aimed at pointing out that both the record made by the good scribe Dǒng Hú and Zhào Dùn's begrudging accept”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet the Spring and Autumn itself was produced by a different and earlier historiographic tradition, and in analyzing Zhào Dùn's case, it is necessary to take the characteristics of this tradition into account .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But if Confucius is to be believed, running away did sometimes result in an “innocent” verdict in the official records, or at least, the absence of a record indicating guilt .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reception history of the story of Zhào Dùn illustrates how, as cultural and religious practices changed, the understanding of particular events was transformed and early recording practices were forgotten and displaced .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > �
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is thus not particularly surprising that Zhào Dùn was named the assassin and assigned responsibility for his ruler's murder, for not only had he been the target of several murder attempts initiated by Lord Líng and thus benefited from his death, but perhaps more significantly, he was the chief minister of Jìn and also the senior male relative of the killer .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statement ascribed to Confucius clearly implies that if Zhào Dùn had left Jìn, he would not have been assigned blame .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, outcomes varied, and (as in the case of Wàn of Sòng) flight did not necessarily allow criminals to avoid punishment .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For them, flight may have been a pragmatic mechanism that allowed the fugitive to avoid retaliation from an angry ruler, but-as observed by Zhāng Sùqīng and mentioned above-such flights were also framed as ministerial protests against misconduct .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zhāng Sùqīng
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This sort of self-imposed exile differs from flight after committing a crime or in fear for one's life .Individuals who fled in protest often expected to be asked to return, unlike those who fled in disgrace or fear .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, Huà Yuán fled to protest his own situation, that of being unable to punish wrongdoing .He leveraged requests for his return to achieve a desired outcome, namely, permission to avenge a murder .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another account associated with protest concerns the flight of Sòng minister Huà Yuán 華元, an account that bears some resemblance to that of Zhào Dùn .Like Zhào Dùn, Huà Yuán was a powerful minister in his home state who fled but later returned .In both cases, a murder was committed by a nobleman, who (at least initially) went unpunished .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apparently, flight was a punishment less severe than death, but it was not always an option, and because receiving welcome in a foreign state was not always assured, those branded criminals who had the option to flee did not always do so .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus it is also possible that Zhào Dùn realized his counsel would not be heeded, and his flight may have been an act of overt protest .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zhào Dùn had been persecuted by Lord Líng, who had attempted to murder him on multiple occasions, and so Zhào Dùn may have fled in fear for his life .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is unlikely that he fled to distance himself from Zhào Chuān's murder of Lord Líng-the Zuǒ zhuàn account suggests the regicide occurred after he had departed but before he had crossed the border-and (unlike Huà Yuán of Sòng) he certainly did not flee because he was not permitted to punish the murderer for his crime .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recorDing regiciDe anD assigning resPonsiBilitY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crossing the border (yuè jìng越竟) seems to have been the point at which a ruler's status changed, and as shown below, a similar standard apparently applied to nobility .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obviously, traveling across the border of a state was necessary on some occasions, as for diplomatic visits or military expeditions .Such border crossings had to be approved by the ruler, who gave his sanction (mìng命), and officially sanctioned border crossings had religious significance and were accompanied by various rites and were reported (gào告) to the ancestors .33”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Flights, like officially sanctioned border crossings, were also subject to ceremonial reports or announcements (gào) in the ancestral temple, although we do not know if all flights were reported to the ancestors, and the reason for the report seems to have been different .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether or not the person who fled had crossed the border determined his status, and in the case of a ruler, whether he was still considered the ruler .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In short, crossing the border and leaving one's home state required the ruler's sanction, and all kinds of sanctioned border crossing, including leaving and returning to one's home state and arriving in another state, had religious significance and were accompanied by religious activity .38”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These reports were framed in religious terms and castigated the individual who fled, not for the misconduct of which he was accused, but for the act of abandoning his obligations to the ancestors .45”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“When a ruler or nobleman fled, he crossed the border without official sanction and without completing the ceremonial steps regularly required when one left his home state .39”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For a ruler, this meant loss of status as head of state, and for the senior member of a lineage, such as Zhào Dùn, we may surmise that crossing the border would have resulted in loss of status as lineage head as well as loss of political office .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it was not the case that the phrase “their nobleman” was omitted as a consequence of the misconduct itself .Rather, the very act of fleeing affected the nobleman's status together with the form of the record .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both of these accounts indicate that if a nobleman fled, as long as he had not crossed the border, the ruler could stop him and request his return, and presumably his status would be unaffected .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, crossing the border without sanction, that is, flight into exile, was of far greater significance than simply escaping punishment and going to live in a new place; it also involved leaving one's position within one's state and lineage, with attendant political and religious consequences for oneself and perhaps one's kin .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One account tells us that when Gōngzǐ Dì 公子地 of Sòng offended his ruler, his brother gave him the following advice: 「子為君禮．不過出竟．君必止子．」 “You should act with ritual courtesy for the sake of the ruler .[Flee but] do not go as far as going out of the borders .The ruler will certainly stop you .”(Zuǒ, Dìng 10, 1582-83) This seems to have been a strategy aimed at allowing the ruler to forgive Gōngzǐ Dì”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zuǒ, Dìng 10, 1582-83
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reports directed at rulers of other states may have been aimed at ensuring that the fugitive was not received elsewhere and in this respect may have been political in nature, but they explicitly invoke the fugitive's responsibilities to the ancestral temple, emphasizing the religious ramifications of flight .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significantly, only after they had fled across the border were others appointed to their offices .This suggests that, despite their having left the capital and ceased to fulfill their political duties, they did not fully abdicate their positions until after they had crossed the border and left Sòng .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At first glance, this may appear to be an instance in which Confucius advocated an escape through a technical loophole, but if border crossing entailed a fundamental loss of status visà-vis the ancestors, then Zhào Dùn's contemporaries would have viewed this not as a mere technicality but as a very serious matter .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Crossing the border without completing proper ceremonies or receiving official sanction caused loss of ministerial position and lineage position, and released Zhào Dùn from the obligation to punish the assassin.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and that Zhào Dùn returned only after Lord Líng had been killed and no longer posed a threat .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike other versions of this story, these three are all concerned with how the scribe recorded the assassination and assigned the crime to Zhào Dùn along with his flight and failure to cross the border, and they are surely derived from a common source .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to this interpretation, the remark ascribed to Confucius frames the situation as a matter of formal ceremonial rules that linked position within the politico-religious system to assignment of responsibility .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typically, an individual who has been recorded as having committed a crime is not mentioned again in subsequent Spring and Autumn records, and thus Gōngyáng includes the story in order to explain the unexpected reference to Zhào Dùn .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A ruler who fled ceased to be recognized as the ruler, and a nobleman who fled was no longer considered a nobleman of his home state, and those who fled were understood to have abandoned their obligations to the ancestors .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presumably, the crime was ascribed to him not because of his active complicity but because of his official position in the court and his status as senior male kinsman of the actual assassin .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it describes Zhào Chuān as the actual murderer, thus establishing that this was the accepted view of events .There is no alternative version in which Zhào Dùn wielded the murder weapon .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This interpretation implies that, for reasons we no longer fully understand, Confucius deemed relinquishing one's position in the government and lineage to be preferable to being recorded as an assassin in the official records .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Crossing the border without completing proper ceremonies or receiving official sanction caused loss of ministerial position and lineage position, and released Zhào Dùn from the obligation to punish the assassin.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The way in which crossing the border would have permitted Zhào Dùn to have escaped blame may be understood in light of this change of status .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > crossing the BorDer
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their explanations of why blame was assigned to Zhào Dùn can thus be viewed as a series of attempts to rationalize recording practices that were based on Spring and Autumn-period norms that had been forgotten or that no longer made sense in a later cultural context and as part of a broader trend to reframe the rules-based historiography of the Spring and Autumn in terms of moral judgment and resp”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The link between crossing the border and loss of position belonged to a Spring and Autumn-period ritual system that was no longer fully understood when Gōngyáng and Gǔliáng were written down.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus Zhào Dùn is criticized for neither going far and thereby completing his protest against Lord Líng, nor punishing the murderer after his return; both of these actions are understood by Gǔliáng as ways that Zhào Dùn could have properly discharged his ministerial obligations .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anecdotal evidence from the Zuǒ zhuàn suggests that state scribes may have had some leeway in how they recorded events in official histories such as the Spring and Autumn, and perhaps in whom the records held accountable for particular actions .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > conclusions: Zhào Dùn anD spring and autumn historiograPhY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This interpretation emphasizes Zhào Dùn's moral obligation to punish the assassin and understands the Spring and Autumn record as passing judgment on him for failing to do so, but neglects the question of Zhào Dùn's flight .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“That the account of Lord Líng's assassination and Zhào Dùn's flight and that of Lord Líng's attempts on Zhào Dùn's life appear separately in Gōngyáng lends confirmation to Vogelsang's proposal that the two accounts were originally independent and were later combined .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vogelsang, "From Anecdote to History," 104 n .29
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These allusions suggest that by early imperial times, this interpretation had become the common and conventional one, and it is this view that is addressed by and reflected in most of the contemporary scholarly views set forth at the outset of this paper .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gōngyáng understands Zhào Dùn's flight as an effort to preserve his own life, and in this respect differs from Zuǒ zhuàn, which does not unambiguously state the reason for Zhào Dùn's flight, and from Gǔliáng, which treats Zhào Dùn's flight as a righteous protest against an unvirtuous ruler .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gǔliáng does not mention Lord Líng's attempts to murder Zhào Dùn; this omission is highly significant, as it effectively eliminates the possibility of understanding Zhào Dùn's flight as an effort to save his own life .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Additional information
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Gǔliáng commentary thus implies that Zhào Dùn's flight was neither an escape to avoid punishment or murder nor an abandonment of the altars, but it was intended as a conspicuous act of protest designed to send a message chastising the ruler, albeit a deficient one, since he did not go far .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > Additional information
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chūnqiū fán lù thus repurposes Zhào Dùn's flight as a way to prove that he was not Lord Líng's actual assassin and at the same time uses it to demonstrate how the attribution of the assassination to Zhào Dùn in conjunction with references to him in later records exemplified Confucius's use of subtle words to convey moral judgments .”
§ What If Zhào Dùn Had Fled? Border Crossing and Flight into Exile in Early China > recePtion in Pre-iMPerial anD earlY iMPerial texts
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Similar recording rules applied to the Jìn records as to the Spring and Autumn.
“Assuming that similar rules applied to the Jìn records”
The paper relies on this without support.
Crossing the border without completing proper ceremonies or receiving official sanction caused loss of ministerial position and lineage position, and released Zhào Dùn from the obligation to punish the assassin.
“Had Zhào Dùn fled across the border, that is, if he had violated formal ritual rules and had crossed the border without completing the proper ceremonies or receiving official sanction, he would have lost his ministerial position and would in turn have been absolved of the responsibilities associated with that position .”
The paper relies on this without support.
The formal rules that led Dǒng Hú to identify Zhào Dùn as Lord Líng's assassin would not have applied to Zhào Dùn if he had crossed the border.
“If Zhào Dùn had crossed the border, perhaps the formal rules that resulted in scribe Dǒng Hú identifying him as Lord Líng's assassin would not have applied to his case .”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The link between crossing the border and loss of position belonged to a Spring and Autumn-period ritual system that was no longer fully understood when Gōngyáng and Gǔliáng were written down.
“Presumably the connection between crossing the border and loss of position was part of a system of formal ritual practices that pertained to the multistate system of the Spring and Autumn period, but this system was no longer fully understood by the time Gōngyáng and Gǔliáng were written down .”
Citations
Cites
Holcombe, C., & Lewis, M. E. (2000) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2652466 · Cited by 353
Mirroring the past: the writing and use of history in imperial China
Ng, O. C. 1., & Wang, Q. E. 1. (2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-6067 · Cited by 65
The Tso Chuan: Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History
Wang, J. C. Y., & Watson, B. (1990) · Chinese Literature Essays Articles Reviews (CLEAR) · doi:10.2307/495237 · Cited by 32
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- A Gǔliáng remark on a similar case (mentioned in n . 50 above) implies rejection but without explicitly mentioning going abroad, stating, "it does not say 'nobleman' because they loathed him" 不言「大夫」，惡之也; Gǔliáng, Xiāng 30, 16 .15b; citations of Gǔliáng refer to Chūnqiū Gǔliáng zhuàn Fàn shì jíjiě 春秋穀梁傳范氏集 解, comm . Fàn Níng 范甯 (339-401), SBBY . 53 . These five cases are CQ, Yǐn 4 .6, 35; Zhuāng 9 .6, 178; Xiāng 30 .7, 1169; and Āi 14 .14, 1681, plus Xiāng 23 .12, 1072 (translated above) . Zhuāng 9 .1, 177 also uses this pattern, but it is uncertain whether the victim had left the state . In a previous publication, I proposed a link between the omission of the phrase "their nobleman" and diachronic changes in Spring and Autumn recording practices, but I was wrong; Van Auken, "Could 'Subtle Words' Have Conveyed 'Praise and Blame'? The Implications of Formal Regularity and Variation in Spring and Autumn (Chūn qiū) Records," Early China 31 (2007): 102 .
- Zuǒ, Xuān 2, 663 also refers to Zhào Dùn's support in establishing Lord Líng's successor . 59 . Shǐ jì 39 .1675; for a different version, see Shǐ jì 43 .1782-83, which ascribes to the Gentleman (jūnzǐ 君子) words that are elsewhere spoken by the scribe, and omits Confucius's response, resulting in a tone more critical of Zhào Dùn . For a discussion comparing the Shǐ jì versions to the Zuǒ account, see Dorothee Schaab-Hanke, "The Junzi Prior to Confucius in the Shiji," paper presented at the 17th conference of the Warring States Group, Leiden, September 17-18, 2003; www .schaab-hanke .de/vortraege/Schaab-Hanke_WSWG17-paper .pdf, last accessed April 25, 2019;
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Designing Boundaries in Early China
Olberding, G. P. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009075862 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Van Auken, N. A.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Publisher
- American Oriental Society
- Published
- 2021-09-19
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0003-0279 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-2289
- OpenAlex
- W2986761147
- Semantic Scholar
- 62de36eefe938128054eb31e1e7a0030285922b4
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Oriental Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Classical Studies and Philology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Philosophy, History, and Historiography
- Keywords
- Zuo Zhuan, Spring and Autumn period, Confucius, Ben, border crossing, ancestral temple, moral responsibility, textual transmission, Jin state
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