The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 194 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Additions and Corrections to Wolf Leslau's Comparative Dictionary of Ge'ez (1987–2017)
Open accessAbstract
Thirty years after the appearance of Wolf Leslau's Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez, the present study aims at correcting and updating some of the entries of this major tool of Semitic etymology. New data from Ugaritic, Akkadian, and especially Modern South Arabian are prominent among the additions (particularly the Soqotri lexical material acquired in the course of the many years of the author's fieldwork on the island).
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Claims the paper makes
112 Sources not found · 4 No basis given · 3 Own interpretation
In the paper
“Add Soq .bíl'e 'thing', with a hypercorrect plural bíššoḷ (LS 83) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 83
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A curious structural parallel is found in Ebla: DINGIR KALAMtim = BAD-lu ma-tim (VE 795b) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites VE 795b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The correct Ugaritic cognate to this word is ʔuṯkl (DUL 122) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DUL 122
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Akk .bēlu 'etwa Waffe' (AHw 120) is now read as tillu (CAD B 199, T 411) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites AHw 120
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CAD B 199
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- Not matchedcites T 411
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Add Soq .béḳl'e 'sort (of date-palm)' (CSOL I 513, Naumkin et al .2013: 69) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CSOL I 513
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Naumkin et al .2013: 69
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plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Soq .báʕal 'master, lord' adduced by Leslau does not exist in this form .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CSOL I 509
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CSOL II 426-28
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Note Soq .aʔḥ with the same function (CSOL I 462; cf .LS 499) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CSOL I 462
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites LS 499
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Soq .ʕábre means 'generation, people of the same age' (CSOL II 401) rather than specifically 'old age' .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CSOL II 401
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Add Soq .míʔḥo with the same meaning (LS 248) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 248
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A comprehensive overview of the Soqotri reflexes of this root would include the following five positions (CSOL I 509, CSOL II 426-28): 1) báʕaḷ 'to marry', 6 2) məbʔḥəl' (fem .məbʕéḷo) 'slave', 3) baʕ-(pl .biʔḥól'i-) 'owner of' (with pronominal suffixes only), 4) di-báḥl'e (pl .il'-báḥl'e) 'the owner of' (before nouns), 5) báʕl'hi 'my lord' (referring to God) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CSOL I 509
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CSOL II 426-28
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hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
In the paper
“Add Soq .íʔif-(LS 68), where -f-still awaits an explanation .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 68
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Cf .probably Akk .bāštu 'dignity, pride' (CAD B 142), 'Lebenskraft' (AHw 112), semantically and etymologically different from būštu 'embarrassment, distress' (CAD B 351), 'Scham, Scheu' (AHw 143) .See Kogan 2003: 258 .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD B 142
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 112
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- Not matchedcites Kogan 2003: 258
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hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Akk .allû with comparable meanings is not recorded in the standard dictionaries and is unlikely to exist .”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Note Akk .akû A 'destitute, weak, powerless' and/or akû B 'crippled, deformed' (CAD A/I 283-84) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD A/I 283-84
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Cf .Soq .ʕéšḳa 'branche, épi' (LS 330), with an unexpected š .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 330
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Note Soq .ʕégoḷ 'aller à la rencontre' (LS 297), with a rather feasible meaning shift .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 297
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Elsewhere in MSA, see Mhr .bāl 'owner', abέli 'God' (ML 41), Jib .báʕal 'person owing', ʔɔʕz ˆ 'God' (JL 22) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ML 41
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites JL 22
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ugr .bʔš does not seem to exist; for the very uncertain biʔšt v .DUL 202 .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DUL 202
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Add Soq .ʕéno (LS 303), with an inexplicable alternation of sonorants (also in Jib .ʕónút, JL 20) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 303
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites JL 20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ugr .yanu does not exist, the correct form being ʔin [ʔēna] (DUL 74) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DUL 74
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Compare Arb .baḥriyy-'mother of pearl' 8 (Boson 1916-18: 417), Akk .baḫrû 'Koralle' (AHw 96, CAD B 29) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Boson 1916-18: 417
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 96
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- Not matchedcites CAD B 29
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plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Add Yemeni Arabic fls 'einen Durchbruch machen' (Behnstedt 953), 'to break through' (Piamenta 379) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Behnstedt 953
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Piamenta 379
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Note that in Soqotri nέsnes 'importuner' (LS 269) is opposed to nέŝneŝ 'agiter' (LS 278), fully confirmed by my informants”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 269
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites LS 278
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boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of considerable interest is Amh .battälä 'to work alone, without any helper', batäle 'bachelor; a woman without a husband' (AED 915) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites AED 915
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Akk .ullû means 'that' (singular) and can hardly be directly equated with the WS forms meaning 'these' (plural); see further Kogan 2015: 68 .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kogan 2015: 68
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Leslau's derivation of the Geez word from *yawm-is not very appealing either, particularly since *yawm-is the regular forerunner of yom 'today' (CDG 627) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CDG 627
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Note that in the fourteenth-century Arabic-Ethiopian glossary, where the etymological gutturals are usually preserved correctly, the relevant word is spelled with ʕ (Bulakh and Kogan 2016: 275), which, coupled with Tgr .ʕabda 'to become crazy' (WTS 471) and Tna .ʕəbud 'crazy, mad' (TED 1879), makes less evident the traditional derivation of the Ethiopian root from *ʔbd .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bulakh and Kogan 2016: 275
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- Not matchedcites WTS 471
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- Not matchedcites TED 1879
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hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Akk .ul is unlikely to be related to PWS *ʔal, but rather goes back to ulā < *wa-lā (v .Sjörs 2015: 85-86 for a detailed discussion) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sjörs 2015: 85-86
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Syr .ʔuldā 'acervi straminis, horrea' (LSyr .21) can hardly be separated from from Akk .aldû 'store of barley' (CAD A/I 337, AHw 35), 4 itself borrowed from Sum .al-dù (Lieberman 1977: 146) .Its etymological relationship with the Geez verb is thus quite unlikely .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LSyr .21
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CAD A/I 337
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- Not matchedcites AHw 35
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hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Soq .ʕíṣ ˇe 'lac d'où les eaux ne s'écoulent pas' (LS 307) has ṣ ˇ < *ḳ (cf .the plural ʕíyaḳ) and cannot be directly compared to the Geez lexeme .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 307
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Soq .ʔemeh, missing from LS, is unlikely to exist .”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Add Soq . nö ́ḳaṣ 'to diminish, to reduce', néḳaṣ 'to decrease, to be less' (CSOL I 626, LS 275)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CSOL I 626
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites LS 275
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Compare Akk .pulḫītu 'blister' (CAD P 503, contrast AHw 878) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD P 503
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 878
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plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
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In the paper
“The word is tentatively considered a WS borrowing in Streck 2000: 87-88, but as rightly observed by Streck, such a hypothesis must remain unproven due to the lack of a suitable WS etymon .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Streck 2000: 87-88
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“With Bulakh 2003: 4-5, Akk .peṣû 'white' (CAD P 328, AHw 857) is to be derived from *pṣḥ (Arb .fṣḥ 'to be clear', Lane 2403) and cannot therefore be compared to the Geez adjective .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bulakh 2003: 4-5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CAD P 328
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- Not matchedcites AHw 857
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The root is not preserved in Soqotri, where 'rainbow' is, interestingly, šéḳmi, with no clear etymology”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Soq .beyt 'maison en pierre' (LS 85) is clearly borrowed from Arabic and thus irrelevant from the etymological point of view .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 85
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“There is no reason to believe that Akk . kâʔu (CAD G 59, K 309, AHw 284) is a WS borrowing: the presence of k and g instead of the expected ḳ is likely to be explained in the framework of Geers' law”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD G 59
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites K 309
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 284
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Compare Akk .bitrû 'to be continuous' (CAD B 279, AHw 123), 9 with a plausible semantic shift .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD B 279
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 123
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Akk . râṣu does not mean 'to run', but rather 'to (come to) help' (CAD R 187, AHw 960), which makes its etymological connection with PWS *rwṭ far from”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD R 187
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 960
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Probably related are several botanical des- ignations elsewhere in Semitic: Akk . ḳulḳullânu 'a plant' (CAD Q 301, AHw 927), Arb .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD Q 301
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 927
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Dozy II 407
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Add Mhr . ḳəšēṭ 'rainbow' (ML 242), Jib . ḳɔ ́šuṭ id . (JL 153)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ML 242
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites JL 153
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Cf .perhaps Hbr .bäṣaʕ 'gain' (HALOT 148), Arb .biḍāʕat-'merchandise' (Lane 215) .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites HALOT 148
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lane 215
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The root is missing from Mesopotamian Akkadian, but present at Ebla (VE 73), where it displays an etymologically unexpected sibilant (*š rather than *s)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites VE 73
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Conti 1990: 73
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Akk . sêdu 'to help' (CAD S 206, AHw 1034) is borrowed from Arm . sʕd (Abraham and Sokoloff 2011: 49-50) and cannot be related to the Geez verb”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Abraham and Sokoloff 2011: 49-50
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Ugr . tʔant is commonly interpreted as 'whispering, conversa- tion, groaning' (DUL 842) and cannot be compared to the Geez word for semantic reasons”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DUL 842
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The presence of tnn 'smoke' in the Old Aramaic inscription from Bukān (KAI 5 397) makes it clear that t in the later Aramaic cognates is original and does not go back to *ṯ”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites KAI 5 397
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kogan 2015: 397
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Cf . perhaps Arb . šγl 'to occupy, to employ' (Lane 1567) . See Kogan 2005: 200”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lane 1567
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kogan 2005: 200
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“With SED I No . 574, add Mhr . təlōt 'nipple' (ML 401) and, prob- ably, Ugr . tlʕ 'chest, thorax' (DUL 856)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites SED I No. 574
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites ML 401
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites DUL 856
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For a possible link with Ugr . ṣṣ-m 'salt-works' (DUL 781) see Kogan 2006a: 271”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kogan 2006a: 271
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites DUL 781
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Cf . perhaps Akk . šasû 'to shout, to exclaim, to call' (CAD Š/II 147, AHw 1195)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD Š/II 147
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 1195
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Add Jib . šεl 'to demand payment of a debt' (JL 259), Soq . yhóʔol 'réclamer à quelqu'un le paiement, emprunter à quelqu'un' (LS 139)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites JL 259
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites LS 139
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Sab . s 2 f-t 'promise, vow' (SD 131) is unlikely to be related to the Ethiopian verb, probably being denominal from the (unattested) reflex of PS *ŝap-at- 'lip' (SED I No . 265)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites SD 131
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites SED I No. 265
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Ugr . m-šʕlt-m 'two figures' is missing from DUL and is unlikely to exist”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DUL
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Add Soq . ṣeḷ 'to filter, to strain'”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Cf . perhaps Mhr . ŝəgərīt 'mountain pass' (ML 374), Jib . ŝəgərέt 'long area of flat ground at the front of the Jebel' (JL 248), Soq . ŝégre 'mountain pass' (CSOL I 665)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ML 374
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites JL 248
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CSOL I 665
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Add Mhr . ham (ML 158), Soq . šεm (LS 418)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ML 158
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites LS 418
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For a possible denominal derivation from PS *ṣaw(ʔ)ar-'neck' see SED I No . 258”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites SED I No. 258
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Sparsely attested (LLA 1068); may be an Arabism”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LLA 1068
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A promising match is Soq . ḷeṭ 'faire une chose pour la seconde fois; tourner, se tourner; s'écarter du chemin' (LS 229) . The morpho- logical forms of the Soqotri verb (Imperfect yeḷáṭ, Jussive l'áḷaṭ) make it clear that we are faced with the causative stem, most likely from the root *wlṭ”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 229
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites HALOT 523
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Akk . asāru 'to saw' is not listed in the dictionaries and most probably does not exist, whereas masāru 'saw' is highly uncertain (cf . CAD M/I 326, AHw 619) . As for Ugr . ššrt, it is interpreted as 'chain' rather than 'saw' (DUL 835)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD M/I 326
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 619
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites DUL 835
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Most probably related to Arb . rwy 'to relate, to recite' (Lane 1194), with metathesis . Cf . further Hbr . yry (hip .) 'to instruct, to teach' (HALOT 436)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lane 1194
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites HALOT 436
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Akk . zibtu, translated as 'pitch' in CAD Z 104, has been correctly reinterpreted as 'ein Stein' in AHw 1524 (so also CDA 447) and can scarcely belong to the present root”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD Z 104
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 1524
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CDA 447
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“If indeed related to PS *wdd 'to love'-which, contra Leslau, is far from evident semantically-add Akk . namaddu 'favorite, beloved one' (CAD N/I 206, AHw 725) and mūdadu 'beloved one' (CAD M/I 160, AHw 665)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD N/I 206
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 725
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CAD M/I 160
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Correct Akk . esēku to esēḳu (CAD E 331, AHw 249), which further complicates Leslau's comparison between the Geez and Akkadian verbs . Besides, esēḳu does not mean 'to allot', but rather 'to make a drawing, to incise a relief'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CAD E 331
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AHw 249
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CAD I 198
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“While Soq . wéheb 'généreux' (LS 148) is clearly borrowed from Arb . wahhāb-; an autochthonous Soqotri cognate to PWS *whb is hábe 'give!' (LS 140)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites LS 148
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites LS 140
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latter form, attested exclusively as a PN in Old Babylonian sources, is likely a West Semitism”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Citations
Cites
The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
Köhler, L., Baumgartner, W., Richardson, M., Stamm, J. J., & Hartmann, B. (1994) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 722
Thompson, J. (2010) · The American University in Cairo Press eBooks · doi:10.5743/cairo/9789774162879.003.0031 · Cited by 566
A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
Poultney, J. W., & Buck, C. D. (1950) · The American Journal of Philology · doi:10.2307/292167 · Cited by 428
A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (2 vols)
Lete, G. D. O., & Sanmartín, J. (2015) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004288652 · Cited by 265
A dictionary of the Ugaritic language in the alphabetic tradition
Lete, G. D. O., Sanmartín, J., & Watson, W. G. E. (2015) · BRILL eBooks · Cited by 232
A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian
Reiner, E., Black, J., George, A. R., & Postgate, N. (2003) · Journal of the American Oriental Society · doi:10.2307/3217695 · Cited by 155
The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic
Kaufman, S. A. (1974) · ISAC Data Research Center · doi:10.83354/awkf-g885 · Cited by 133
Dictionary of Post Classical Yemeni Arabic
Piamenta, M. (1991) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004659858 · Cited by 129
Kane, T. L. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 105
Dillmann, A. (2014) · Gorgias Press eBooks · doi:10.31826/9781463232283 · Cited by 103
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- P. 504 (səm 'name') . Add Mhr . ham (ML 158), Soq . šεm (LS 418) . Pp. 505 and 507 (tasanāʔawa 'to be in peace' and tasānana 'to quarrel') . Akk . šanānu 'to become equal; to quarrel, to defy' (CAD Š/I 366, AHw 1161) is much more likely to be related to the latter than the former; cf . especially the Gt stem with the meaning 'to rival each other, to compete, to fight with someone' . P. 524 (ŝāʔŝəʔa 'to speak') . 27 Cf . perhaps Akk . šasû 'to shout, to exclaim, to call' (CAD Š/II 147, AHw 1195) . (ŝaʕala 'to form, to fashion') . Ugr . m-šʕlt-m 'two figures' is missing from DUL and is unlikely to exist . Cf . perhaps Arb . šγl 'to occupy, to employ' (Lane 1567) . See Kogan 2005: 200 .
- JL -T . M . Johnstone . Jibbāli Lexicon . Oxford, 1981 .
- and L . Kogan 2013 . Эфиосемитские языки. Языки мира. Cемитские языки. Эфиосемитские языки. Pp . 13-141 . Moscow . . 2016 . The Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary by al-Malik al-Afḍal: An Annotated Edition . Leiden .
Metadata
- Authors
- Kogan, L.
- Corresponding author
- Kogan, Leonid
- Venue
- Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Publisher
- American Oriental Society
- Published
- 2021-09-19
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 0003-0279 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-2289
- OpenAlex
- W2995986439
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Oriental Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Lexicography and Language Studies
- Keywords
- Ge'ez language, Wolf Leslau, lexicography, Ugaritic language, Akkadian language
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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