The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 33 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts
Open accessAbstract
This paper reexamines the concept of filial piety (xiao) from a specific perspective, asking how filial piety is performed by and observed on the body. I argue that in pre-Qin and Han Confucian texts, there was a strong anxiety over the potential hypocrisies of filial deeds; that is, the fact that filial piety could be abused and transformed to become a mere show intended for gaining fame and reputation. Because of this, early commentators felt the need to create methods and criteria for evaluating filial piety. One important way to do this was to examine how filial piety was materialized through the ritual performance of the body. Filial piety was thus embodied and evaluated in terms of corporality. Ironically, this embodiment of filial piety had its own paradox as filial piety could become oversimplified as physical care of the parents and the ritual of xiao be reduced to a performance.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper argues that early Confucian discussions of filial piety were anxious about hypocrisy because xiao had to be displayed through ritualized bodily conduct, making it visible and judgeable. This embodiment created a paradox: ritual performance could become empty show, while efforts to prove sincerity led to extreme bodily displays such as emaciation and self-harm.
Key findings
In the *Analects*, the paper counts fourteen passages on xiao; about half treat it as a desirable social quality, while the rest define it, with Confucius stressing obedience and ritual guidance rather than affection. Confucius distinguishes *jing* (reverence) from *yang* (nourishment), rejecting mere physical care as false filial piety; Mencius lists five commonly recognized unfilial acts, the first three involving neglect of parents’ nourishment and the last two endangering parents or their reputation. The *Lüshi chunqiu* lists five ways of nourishing, four of which concern material comfort, while the *Liji* ranks filial deeds with honoring parents highest, not shaming them second, and providing nourishment lowest. Later *Shishuo xinyu* anecdotes about Wang Rong, He Qiao, and Ruan Ji show extreme emaciation or vomiting blood being read as proof of sincere filial feeling against ritual performance, illustrating the unresolved paradox.
Methods
Conceptual and textual study of pre-Qin and Han Confucian writings, including the *Analects*, *Mencius*, *Liji*, *Lüshi chunqiu*, *Xunzi*, and later *Shishuo xinyu* anecdotes. Close reading and thematic analysis of how xiao is performed on and observed through the body, especially ritual (*li*) and reverence (*jing*) versus nourishment (*yang*). No empirical sample or quantitative analysis; the paper engages textual passages and scholarly interlocutors such as Holzman, Knapp, and Nylan.
Limitations
No formal limitations section is provided; the paper notes uncertainty about the Kuang Zhang story and an ambiguous *Analects* sentence. Evident from the text: the argument is interpretive and based on selected canonical and anecdotal sources rather than a systematic corpus, with a focus on elite ritual discourse and textual representations. Evident from the text: causal claims about anxiety and paradox are inferred from prescriptive and anecdotal sources rather than direct historical evidence of practitioners’ motives.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
76 Own interpretation · 32 Sources not found · 2 Not checked yet · 2 Own result
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nearly half of these passages present xiao as a desirable quality and stress its social value.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this list of the ideal filial deeds, four out of five focus completely on perfecting the material comfort of one's parents and providing meticulous physical care to them.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I argue that in pre-Qin and Han Confucian texts, there was a strong anxiety over the potential hypocrisies of filial deeds; that is, the fact that filial piety could be abused and transformed to become a mere show intended for gaining fame and reputation.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One important way to do this was to examine how filial piety was materialized through the ritual performance of the body.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“English-language studies of filial piety in early China reveal a trajectory of interests from comparing the notions of filial piety in China and the Western world to investigating the sociopolitical significance of xiao in early Chinese society.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In other words, filial deeds were performative in nature, a concept that I will explore in this paper.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Knapp, Selfless Offspring: Filial Children and Social Order in Medieval China (Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai'i Press, 2005).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As ritual performance was judged by society, the display of filial emotions was also important to sustaining and advancing one's social status.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“English-language scholarship concerning filial piety in early China remains stagnant and inadequate.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holzman, "The Place of Filial Piety in Ancient China," JAOS 118.2 (1998): 185.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of this, early commentators felt the need to create methods and criteria for evaluating filial piety.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Filial piety was thus embodied and evaluated in terms of corporality.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because these filial acts were by nature public performances, they could be transformed into political and social assets and manipulated for the sake of fame and reputation.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The body materializes the notion of filial piety through the performance of li 禮, ritual, so that xiao can become visible and measurable.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This potential self-interest connected to xiao caused anxiety in early Confucian discussions of filial morality.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This strong attachment to and vivid memory of the parents, as well as the realization of the permanent loss, caused the children extreme emotional distress”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Confucius especially distinguishes jing from yang 養, nourishing, which, in the Master's view, is a false filial practice.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These emotions are displayed by dramatic physical actions such as wailing (ku 哭), weeping (qi 泣), beating the chest (pi 辟), leaping (rong 踊), crawling (pufu 匍匐), and even symbolically casting oneself out from one's role as a legitimate member of society (routan 肉袒).”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As Mencius states, filial piety originates from the spontaneous love that children have for their parents”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legge, Works of Mencius, 259
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“such genuine affection is physically manifested by the bodies of the children”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legge, Works of Mencius, 259
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Filial actions in serving one's deceased parents thus begin with proper burial.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus reverence is valued as superior to mere nourishment.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The warning against dangerous emaciation probably comes from another filial requirement: the responsibility to maintain one's body intact because it is a gift given by the parents.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the sanctioned and even encouraged expression of extreme emotions is clearly at odds with Confucius's promotion of meditated emotions and a ritualized attitude.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Competing discourses on the importance of reverent care as opposed to mere nourishment are even found in the Lüshi chunqiu chapter on filial piety, quoted above.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other early Confucian texts echo this notion.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in the Confucian view, the funeral is never merely a family matter; rather, it is an important public event involving participants in hierarchical relationships connected by complex social networks.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This anxiety in fact reflects a tension between reverence and nourishment in early Confucian discussions of filial piety, especially when it comes to serving parents when they are alive.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“encourages them to protect the deceased by burying their bodies”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legge, Works of Mencius, 259
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examined together with the above-mentioned passage from Mencius, this suggests that in the pre-Qin era (before 221 Bce), filial piety was understood by both the general population and certain groups of Confucians as providing physical care to one's parents.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Damaging the body, even because of grief for one's parents, would certainly violate this rule.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The standard that a filial son uses to continually examine himself is clearly ritual.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this transformation of the biological body into the social body, Confucius seems to emphasize the distinction between emotion and attitude.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both situations the expression of strong emotions such as sadness (bei 悲), sorrow (ai 哀), bitterness (ceda 惻怛), and pain (tongji 痛疾) are expected.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because ritual is embodied by codified corporeal display, ritualized sincerity is then undermined precisely by the performative nature of li.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore Confucian scholars promote ritualized sincerity in which affection is well controlled and harmoniously expressed.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This systemic paradox in the Confucian promotion of xiao caused anxiety and debate among ritual experts.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The same act of rumu 孺慕 was at the center of the debate between two students of Confucius as reported in the Liji:”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legge, Li Ki, 176
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the center of early Confucian discussions of filial piety there is a strong emphasis on sincere affection.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this sincerity cannot be completely spontaneous because unrestrained emotions lead to excessiveness.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 41
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The other half can be understood as Confucius's definition of filial piety, in both affirmative and negative comments.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A close examination of the Analects finds a total of fourteen passages that mention filial piety.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I argue that, as a social norm, xiao must be realized through human actions, and the evaluation of this moral quality is in turn made possible by inspecting the bodily performances of xiao.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may well be because researchers pay too much attention to the meanings and significance of filial piety while ignoring the practical issues surrounding xiao in early China.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Here xiao suggests absolute obedience that is strictly guided by ritual; at the same time, love and affection are excluded from Confucius's description of familial relationships.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It is interesting that in Confucius's definition, emotion and affection for one's parents seem to be irrelevant, or are at least not mentioned.Instead, Confucius places emphasis on absolute obedience to and respect for one's parent.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, this embodiment of filial piety had its own paradox as filial piety could become oversimplified as physical care of the parents and the ritual of xiao be reduced to a performance.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After all, filial requirements were a part of the overall Confucian advocacy of ritual, which in practice constituted a set of bodily performances codified and specified with consideration of the interrelationship of the participants in a certain space.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the above-mentioned studies all highlight the public nature of xiao and understand it as an ethical rule defined by social roles, performed through actions, and displayed with emotion.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This submission is not generated or sustained by kinship love or the biological bond between parents and children.Rather, Confucius suggests the function of ritual in guiding filial deeds.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Knapp concludes that Warring States Ru emphasized reverent caring rather than simply providing food in serving the living, which also promoted children's submission to their parents' will.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Knapp, "Ru Reinterpretation of xiao," 197.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to Confucius, filial piety denotes obedience to one's parents while they are alive and submission to their will even after they have died.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Ru reinterpretation of filial piety, as Knapp summarizes it, focuses on the following three notions: first, rejecting the notion that xiao simply requires feeding one's parents; second, promoting obedience to parents as filial deeds; third, extending this familial affection to political loyalty.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Knapp, "The Ru Reinterpretation of xiao," Early China 20 (1995): 195-222.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The three-year mourning ritual was an important Ru invention that related to serving the dead, who, in this new mode of filial thought, became fetishized by filial children.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Knapp, "Ru Reinterpretation of xiao," 197.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many strong arguments and competing doctrines concerning filial practices are found in early texts, and together they speak to the complexity and unsolvable systemic dilemma in the Confucian promotion of xiao.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Qingping Liu indicates that there is conflict between familial affection and social responsibility in the Confucian advocacy of filial piety.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Qingping Liu, "Filiality Versus Sociality and Individuality: On Confucianism as Consanguinitism," Philosophy East and West 53.2 (2003): 234-50.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To be more specific, I argue that ritual, intended to shape and control filial emotions, tended to become perceived as a meaningless formality, and thus required more and more extreme forms of behavior designed to show that emotions such as grief were real.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Knapp refutes the traditional understanding of filial tales as created primarily for educating children.Instead, the often extreme filial devotion in these widely circulated tales was intended for adults to imitate and repeat.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Knapp, Selfless Offspring: Filial Children and Social Order in Medieval China (Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai'i Press, 2005).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nylan convincingly demonstrates how the notion of xiao was extended beyond family to society and how it was deeply intertwined with political policies and practices.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nylan, "Confucian Piety and Individualism in Han China," JAOS 116.1 (1996): 1-27.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For those who are in mourning, funerals provide a chance to showcase familial tradition and confirm social status.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confucius seems to feel the need to reject the oversimplification of xiao as providing nourishment and instead promotes the ritualized attitude of jing as the essence of filial acts.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the funeral, everyone is both a performer and an observer, judging and being judged.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this understanding and practice of xiao are exactly what Confucius criticized as false.To Confucius, jing, ritualized reverence, is more important than simply providing food and care.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the proper attitudes a filial son must present to his parents, jing 敬, reverence, is the most important in serving the parents when they are alive.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nourishment was both the goal and the demonstration of xiao.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Here we see a chain reaction in mourning, one leading naturally to the other: genuine grief in one's heart causes damage to one's internal organs and eventually produces a change in one's physical appearance, resulting in the weakening of the body.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legge, Li Ki, 375
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no question that Confucius believes that the filial attitude jing should come from a genuine affection for one's parents.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While Confucius does not completely dismiss the necessity of corporeal displays of sorrow, he expects them to be sincere and requires them to be guided by li: facial expressions are not exaggerated and sorrowful demeanors correspond to the mourning dress.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hui thereupon becomes a vehicle for one to accumulate social capital in the form of fame and recognition; however it has the potential of degrading into an insincere display.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emotions such as joy, worry, sorrow, and anger are spontaneous, unregulated, and have the tendency to become excessive.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Mencius exonerates Kuang Zhang from guilt by citing a popular view of xiao, which focuses on nourishment and physical care.At the same time, Mencius suggests that while Kuang Zhang's disagreement with his father was aimed at goodness and came out of sincerity, his action violated jing, reverence, required by Confucius.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Zengzi's answer nevertheless focuses on the spontaneous expression of sorrow which is regarded as a genuine filial deed; to Zengzi, meditated emotions seem not only to be unnecessary but also to undermine the sincerity of filial affection.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legge, Li Ki, 161
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After all, if deeper sorrow causes a more withered appearance, one can emaciate his body excessively in order to gain the greatest public recognition.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, once emaciation was defined as a natural physical demonstration of internal sorrow and used to evaluate the intensity of filial affection, this gave rise to competition for filial display and became subject to manipulation for the sake of fame.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, Confucius's rejection of equating filial piety with physical nourishment is clear.This ritualized attitude jing, reverence, is more important than yang, nourishment; in Confucius's words, jing defines humanity.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early Confucian texts carefully distinguish the rules of burial and the ritual of sacrifice and prescribe different bodily performances accordingly.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attitude, on the other hand, is a composed bodily gesture and expression, trained and restrained by li.In other words, attitudes are ritualized emotions tailored for social interactions, including the relationship between father and son.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To Mencius, Kuang Zhang is caught between defending what is good and doing what is filial, and consequently he falls victim to this Confucian moral dilemma.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Liji often describes this ideal balance, in which true affections are presented through proper bodily performance.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Filial deeds such as emaciation are visual displays of familial virtue as well as subjects for moral evaluation.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Funerals provide a stage for all participants to display not only their emotional ties with each other but also, more importantly, their status as legitimate social members acting in accordance with shared customs.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“What qualifies a son as filial is his reverent attitude toward his parents, and this, moreover, distinguishes gentlemen from lesser men.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here the verb shi 飾 (to adorn, to decorate, to polish) indicates the performative function of ritual.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ritual is also at its most basic level a set of rules that members of society use to negotiate and acknowledge their relationships in certain situations.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“What Youzi saw as genuine affection in crying becomes the subject of Ziyou's scrutiny.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legge, Li Ki, 176
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The need to demonstrate true filial emotions then leads to extreme bodily acts, which, again, become the subjects of ritual regulation.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this hierarchical order, physical gestures are valued the highest.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Serving such a purpose, ritual texts function as manuals for daily social interactions and teach people what to do and what not to do.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this pedagogical purpose, exemplary ritual performances are important for people to learn and to imitate.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As manuals, ritual texts train the body and normalize bodily performances.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is true even in the fourth century, when Han-period notions of Confucianism were severely undermined by nonconformists.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these patterns in the syntax are aimed to make these instructions memorable and easy to recite, which further serves the pedagogical function of ritual texts.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, a new paradox occurs in the Confucian promotion of xiao concerning serving deceased parents: when finely choreographed ritual and ceremony become a mere show, sincerity is again demonstrated through extreme corporeal performances, including excessive emaciation and other forms of self-mutilation.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What was once condemned by early Confucians now becomes admirable among the nonconformists, and the paradox develops.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, the circle of regulating the excessive filial body and embodying filial affection with extreme corporeal acts is unsolvable in Confucian ethical teaching and has become a perpetual source of anxiety for Confucian ritual experts.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Liji and other early texts reliably represent early Confucian views and practices.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is especially true when xiao is adopted as political capital and xiaoxing is understood as a demonstration of the merit of a family or region, and even the success of imperial rule.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the section above, I have cited a Liji conversation, in which Zengzi praises a child crying for his deceased parents as a spontaneous expression of affection.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legge, Li Ki, 161
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Here we see a contrast between He Qiao's extravagant performance of mourning ritual and Wang Rong's simple and private emaciation.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mather, Shi shuo xin yu, 9
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“As Liu Zhongxiong points out, the ritual performance of He Qiao lacks sincerity while Wang Rong's weakening of his body is caused by genuine grief.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mather, Shi shuo xin yu, 9
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ritual is meant to be performed, allowing compromise and confirmation to occur.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because of the performative nature of ritual, the body and its performance can either be manipulated for personal interests or transformed into an empty show without genuine feelings.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, emotions are permitted but they must be controlled by li.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the story extreme actions serve both as criticism and exhortation.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mather, Shi shuo xin yu, 402-3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, the ritualization of the body eliminates the biological characteristics of the individual and transforms the biological body into the social body.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ruan Ji's actions of eating and drinking are blunt violations of the funeral rites, yet they are also the strongest rebukes of insincerity disguised by choreographed ritual performances.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mather, Shi shuo xin yu, 402-3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When functioning as a manual for proper social behaviors, these Liji passages feature polished language with highly regulated syntax that allows easy memorization and recital.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Confucian promotion of xiao as a social norm has to rely upon the body, and the body in turn must be ritualized.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Displaying proper gestures and demeanors is crucial in any ritual setting.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In practice, ritual consists of codified bodily movements with each action expressing symbolic meanings understood by the participants in the ceremony.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In early ritual, philosophical and historical writings, we see discussions and different views presented concerning filial piety.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In doing so, an individual's behaviors are rendered predictable, and harmony thus becomes possible in a hierarchical society.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ritual does not fake affection, and, as Ziyou concludes, it is needed to sustain affection so everyone can be filial.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legge, Li Ki, 176
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result of such a competition, the performative nature of xiao is overly emphasized and exemplary deeds give way to exaggerated actions.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > serving deceased parents: emaciation vs. sincerity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the stories of Ruan Ji and Wang Rong, ritualized bodily performance contains no expression of ingenuous feelings; sincerity has to find manifestation in extreme corporeal expressions including excessive emaciation.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Additional information
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The Liji and other early texts reliably represent early Confucian views and practices.
“Early Confucian texts carefully distinguish the rules of burial and the ritual of sacrifice and prescribe different bodily performances accordingly.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Shishuo xinyu anecdotes reliably reflect fourth-century attitudes toward filial piety and mourning.
“The following story from Shishuo xinyu 世說新語 illustrates this:”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
“chapter one and chapter four are generally considered to be the oldest and therefore most authentic stratum of the book.”
§ Anxiety over the Filial Body: Discussions on Xiao in Early Confucian Texts > Abstract
“Scholars generally agree that chapters three to eight are the earliest and most authentic parts of the Analects.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Translation with slight adaptations from John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, tr., The Annals of Lü Buwei (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 2000), 305.
- See Liji yijie, 694. Interestingly, this sentence is not found in the Da Dai Liji. Translation adapted from James Legge, The Li Ki: The Sacred Books of China (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1885), part IV, 226. lungs are easily affected by loss and longing. See Paul Unschuld, Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2003), 133.
- Translation adapted from Eric Hutton, Xunzi: The Complete Text (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2014), 210.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Dramaturgy of Death: Performing (And Spectating) Filial Piety in Early China
Radice, T. (2021) · Journal of Chinese History · doi:10.1017/jch.2021.22
(2021) · Early China · doi:10.1017/eac.2021.12
Metadata
- Authors
- He, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- He, Jianjun
- Venue
- Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Publisher
- American Oriental Society
- Published
- 2021-09-19
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 0003-0279 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-2289
- OpenAlex
- W3041779936
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 6.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Oriental Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › General Arts and Humanities › Cultural and Mythological Studies
- Keywords
- filial piety, Confucianism, embodiment, ritual performance, hypocrisy, reputation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
