The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 38 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Gilding Textiles and Printing Blocks in Tenth-Century Egypt
Open accessAbstract
The surviving portion of the tenth-century Egyptian Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Tamīmī's recently edited Ṯīb al-ʿarūs has several formulas relating to the dying and perfuming of textiles. Some refer to the use of carved molds to impress designs upon textiles. Tamīmī's formulas treat in particular the application of gold leaf and perfumed dye pastes with blocks, but presuppose the technology of using blocks to apply designs to textiles and include a vocabulary of technical terms for the process. This textual evidence provides additional context for surviving early medieval Islamic block-printed gilded textiles. The attestation of the use of blocks to decorate textiles is contemporary with the use of blocks to print Arabic amulet texts, known by the tenth century from extant specimens and some literary evidence.
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Claims the paper makes
32 Sources not found · 29 Own interpretation · 6 No full text of the sources · 5 Own result · 5 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet
In the paper
“The term qālib (pl.qawālib) for mold is the same as that used to describe the blocks (ṭarsh) for printing amulets”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bosworth 1976: 18 (text) and 201 (trans.); Bulliet 1987: 430-31.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“There are some distinctly different block-printed textiles from Islamic times that have been identified as Middle Eastern rather than Indian.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gittinger 1982: 31-57; Barnes 1997, 1: 52-61
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In the paper
“Among the collections of the Cleveland Museum of Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art are fragments of an Islamic block-printed textile.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mackie 2015: 482 n. 104
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In the paper
“In his formulas, however,”
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In the paper
“At least one wooden printing block from Achmim is known.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forrer 1894: 11-13
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These procedures were the final stage of olfactory and visual ornamentation of a garment.”
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In the paper
“Tenth-century perfumers were also well acquainted with the practice of using molds to form aromatic pastes into shapes and figurines.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites King 2017: 64, 291 source
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In the paper
“but these are almost entirely imports from Gujarat in India rather than Middle Eastern productions.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gittinger 1982: 31-57; Barnes 1997, 1: 52-61
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In the paper
“one of his formulas for designing on textiles using an imitation gold gilding procedure he credits to a certain Ibn Zirr.”
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In the paper
“In fact, to judge by the formulas, the color produced was incidental to the scent.”
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In the paper
“While al-Tamīmī claims that he invented these procedures, his work suggests that he was building upon procedures others had developed”
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In the paper
“The rashsh (”
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In the paper
“The earliest instance of it in this sense may be in Ibn al-Abbār (1199-1260), who writes that Badr b.Aḥmad al-Khaṣṣī, vizier to the Umayyad caliph ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Nāṣir (r.912-961), sent edicts to be printed (li-l-ṭabʿ).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ibn al-Abbār 1963: 252-53; Bulliet 1987: 436
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, for al-Tamīmī, writing in the tenth century, the process of using molds to apply designs to textiles, both in adhering for gilding and with aromatic pigments, was well known.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In formula no.242, copied from one Ibn Zirr, al-Tamīmī describes applying an imitation gold, also with molds.”
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In the paper
“For whatever reasons, the medieval Islamicate Middle East remained a society in which technologies of printing were known by some, but did not become familiar or commonly deployed.”
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In the paper
“Al-Tamīmī's discussion of making rāmik and sukk survives only in quotation in al-Nuwayrī's fourteenth-century encyclopedia Nihāyat al-arab.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Al-Nuwayrī 1923-1997, 12: 70-78
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In the paper
“The designs specified for the block-print textiles would not require this stipulation.”
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In the paper
“Similarly, the printing of textiles labored under disdain.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Al-Tamīmī instead calls for block printing perfumed dye paste or glue on textiles to which gold was applied.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barnes 1997, 1: 61
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the case of printed texts, cultural values about the superiority of the hand-crafted work of the scribe exerted a powerful influence on the deployment of the technologies of block printing texts.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bulliet 1987: 438; Bloom 2001: 218-24
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In the paper
“Such a frame was evidently regularly employed by embroiderers.”
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In the paper
“It is therefore all the more remarkable that we have a few precious vestiges of textiles that appear to be similar to those his procedures would make.”
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In the paper
“Evidently for it to work, the maker must not apply the perfume and fish glue in the same place.”
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blocks for printing text must be carved in reverse so that the text appears correctly when impressed.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As Richard Bulliet has shown, the ṭarsh were blocks for printing amulets.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bulliet 1987: 430 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additional musk and ambergris (some probably being present already in the sukk) were added to further enhance the perfume of the finished garment.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For al-Tamīmī's textile procedure, the sukk must be dissolved with rosewater to dilute it so that it can be applied smoothly.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
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In the paper
“Significantly, al-Tamīmī notes that carving the delicate images was a job for a professional carver, not one that the artisan decorating the textile would undertake.”
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In the paper
“This term may have been chosen because the blocks had the physical appearance of a cup, the widest part being the printing surface.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This surviving portion includes 290 individual formulas for different varieties of perfumes and procedures involving aromatics, including the making of dentifrices and the dyeing and scenting of clothing.”
plainn = 290- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Likewise clothing was perfumed with incense and aromatic compounds and dyed for use.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Johnson 2008
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In the paper
“The Cleveland piece is on mulḥam (silk warp and cotton weft), block printed with figures of lions in”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mackie 2015: 158, 160 fig.4.34
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In the paper
“In Islamicate civilization, perfuming was considered an aspect of decoration; thus, in cookbooks, for example, procedures are given for decorating, coloring, and perfuming dishes for the table.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Marín 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Here, where it is clear that he is critiquing an earlier procedure, from an unnamed authority, and improving it, al-Tamīmī notes the crucial technical step of using the mold to apply the adhesive.”
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In the paper
“The term for frame, malban, in this sense appears to be unique.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dozy 1927, 2: 515
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hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A textile with a block-printed image of Ganymede has been attributed to the Sasanians.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Schaefer 1938: 859-60
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plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“M. S. Dimand, the mid-twentieth century curator, identifies the Metropolitan portion as linen and dates it to the tenth century.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dimand 1958: 255-56
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the earliest surviving block-printed textiles from the Mediterranean come from fourth-century Achmim in Egypt.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forrer 1894: 10-12; Schaefer 1938: 856-57
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The procedures described by al-Tamīmī may have been intended for lesser-quality textiles, to”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mackie 2015: 123
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In the paper
“Muḥammad b.Aḥmad b.Saʿīd al-Tamīmī (d.370/980), born in Jerusalem, was a physician who worked in Egypt.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ullmann 1970: 315 source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, alongside Indian imports, an indigenous form of block printing was indeed practiced in the medieval Middle East: 13 gold leaf and pigment were applied to textiles to decorate them.”
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Only part of this work, a manuscript in Andalusī script now in Tehran consisting of some chapters of the formulary, is extant; it has only recently become available through the publication of facsimiles and an edition.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Al-Tamīmī 2014a
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In the paper
“It is generally recognized that printing on textiles is a forerunner of printing on paper.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tsien 1985: 310-11
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The garment had to be dyed before the gilding was undertaken; 25 gilding and perfuming were thus the final steps taken before use.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This procedure would produce a sticky surface to receive the gold leaf only in the places corresponding to the design.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Among his works is a book on aromatics called Kitāb Ṭīb al-ʿarūs wa-rayḥān al-nufūs fī ṣināʿat al-ʿuṭūr (The perfume of the bride and the sweet flower of the souls of the making of perfumes) or Kitāb Jayb al-ʿarūs wa-rayḥān al-nufūs (The bosom of the bride and the sweet flower of the souls).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ullmann 1970: 315 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A radiocarbon-dated collection of more than 1,200 block-printed textile fragments in the Ashmolean Museum has dates ranging from the tenth through fifteenth centuries”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barnes 1997
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As noted, extant block-printed gilded textiles from the period feature designs of lions, easily encompassed under al-Tamīmī's predatory beasts.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Louise Mackie dates this piece to the eleventh or twelfth century and attributes it to Iran or Iraq.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mackie 2015: 161
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Many block-printed textiles were recovered from Egyptian sites such as Quseir al-Qadim.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pfister 1938
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He considers fish glue as stable and equally suitable as an adhesive.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The editors of al-Tamīmī's text argue that jāmāt, which usually means cups or goblets, especially of precious metal, means here printing blocks (qawālib al-ṭibāʿa).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al-Tamīmī's formulas are not intended for permanent dyes, applied to textiles during the manufacturing before production of the garment, but for temporary perfumes, gildings, and pigments, applied after production, which would not necessarily survive washing.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bulliet inclines toward an independent invention of printing in the Middle East, and bravely suggests that Islamic printing technologies may have influenced the development of printing in Europe.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bulliet 1987: 435-36 source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sukk was a dark-colored aromatic compound; in the tenth century it was made especially from the oak gall compound rāmik.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites King 2017: 155-56 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Al-Tamīmī's procedures and the block-printed textile specimens noted above suggest that the use of blocks for printing textiles was known, at least in certain circles, in medieval Middle Eastern culture, just like the rediscovery of ṭarsh has shown that printing texts on paper was hardly unheard of.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Schafer 2006: 38
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The semantic range of the word, which usually means”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here al-Tamīmī mentions professional gilders; their method of applying gold leaf by carefully tapping it into place so that it was evenly applied was evidently familiar.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ancient development of printing in China, starting with textiles by the Former Han and later moving on to texts, is well known.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Carter 1955; Tsien 1985: 311
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mere existence of a technology is not enough to guarantee its success.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the technology is different from block printing, this description illuminates our understanding of the practice of designing upon textiles”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Perhaps, as Casson suggests, a similar attitude existed vis-à-vis the work of the embroiderer, as textiles decorated as al-Tamīmī describes could not match the durability of the Indian productions made with mordant and resist dyeing.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Casson 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The appearance of iṭbaʿ (imperative of ṭ-b-ʿ) is noteworthy given that this word will become the ordinary word used for the printing process.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet printing did not become common for either texts or textiles in the medieval Middle East despite the presence of the technology among some circles.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The numerous examples of blockprinted text amulets from early medieval Islamicate times are printed correctly, and thus the blocks were carved in reverse.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dozens of examples of medieval Islamic amulets block printed on paper are known today, found in the dry conditions of Egypt.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Schaefer 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al-Tamīmī includes other formulas for making imitation gold for use on textiles (nos.243, 244, 246).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While al-Tamīmī's formulas nos.240 and 241 call for actual gold in the gilding process, no.242 uses an imitation gold applied with blocks.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lionel Casson argues that the νόθοι (”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Casson 1983: 201-2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, al-Tamīmī is describing the application of a scented pigment using carved molds to produce designs upon textiles, a form of block printing.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Assurances like these are familiar from formulas for adulterated perfumes, 55 these procedures may therefore have been intended to deceive potential purchasers.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Garbers 1948, nos. 4, 11, 17, etc.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“I have checked it against the facsimile of the manuscript published by Iḥsān Muqaddas (2014b).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites al-Tamīmī 2014b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“There was thus more than a whiff of disrespectability about printing amulets; 52 a handwritten amulet text included a devotional aspect through the personal labor of producing it that made it more efficacious.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Schaefer 2006: 15-20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time as Egyptians were block printing designs on textiles, others were block printing text on paper.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A crucial difference that sets al-Tamīmī's procedures apart from those for the block-printed textiles familiar from India is that they do not call for a mordant or resist dyeing procedure nor for the dyes used on contemporary Indian block-printed textiles such as indigo or madder.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al-Tamīmī's textiles were not decorated to last.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Another possibility is that the market was already saturated with Indian block-printed textiles, thus making their production in the Middle East less necessary.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Burke and Whitcomb 2004: 92-93
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“As part of his argument, he adduces the bias found in medieval times against printed textiles as cheap substitutes for properly woven and embroidered fabrics.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Casson 1983: 201 and n. 24; Robinson 1969: 11, 14
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The basic technology of impressing designs using blocks-as with seals-is very ancient both in the Middle East and in East Asia.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Citations
Cites
Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion
R., E. D., Barthold, W., & Gibb, H. A. R. (1928) · Geographical Journal · doi:10.2307/1783458 · Cited by 462
Paper before print: the history and impact of paper in the Islamic world
Özel, N. (2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-4542 · Cited by 204
Ullmann, M. (1970) · doi:10.1163/9789004661806 · Cited by 194
The woman who discovered printing
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-2405 · Cited by 115
The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward
Carter, T. F. (1925) · doi:10.7312/cart93652 · Cited by 74
Plant Resins. Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, Ethnobotany
Stepp, J. R. (2003) · Economic Botany · doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0419:bredfa]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 71
(2012) · Cited by 60
Chinese Silk: A Cultural History
Senechal, M. (2005) · The Public Historian · doi:10.1525/tph.2005.27.3.78 · Cited by 60
Scent from the Garden of Paradise. Musk and the Medieval Islamic World
H. King, A. (2017) · doi:10.1163/9789004336315 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Pfister 1938. See also Eastwood 1982: 292; Handley and Regourd 2009: 145-49, 151 for examples excavated at Quseir al-Qadim. Many are printed with designs that include Arabic inscriptions specifically for a Middle Eastern market, although the blocks are "probably carved by someone with little understanding of Arabic," Handley and Regourd 2009: 149. I have not seen Vogelsang-Eastwood 1989. 6. Barnes 1997. 7. Gittinger 1982: 31-57; Barnes 1997, 1: 52-61, especially p. 61 on the distinctions between Indian and non- Indian block-printed textiles.
- Watelin 1925: pl. 7 is an illustration of a textile with roundel design containing animals labeled "Fragment 33. My preferred transliteration; the text's editors have transcribed this as mulabban; see below. 34. Dozy 1927, 2: 515. Ullmann 1970-, 2: 178 renders malban with door-frame, door-post, gate-like frame- work; see ibid., 2: 180 for mulabban.
- Perhaps an error for Persian jāmah, "robe"? 36. Fa-ʿalā dhālika in ms. but omitted in the edition. 37. Ibn al-Abbār 1963: 252-53; Bulliet 1987: 436; Schaefer 2006: 24-25.
- Ibn Bādīs (2007: 146) mentions the use in burnishing gold leaf of something that the edition gives as ḥamāḥim and Levey (Ibn Bādīs 1962: 38 n. 267) as jumāhun or jumāhum. Perhaps this is an error for khumāhan or khumāhān, a synonym for hematite; see Käs 2010, 1: 559-61. 39. Cennini 1954: 82-83.
- A catalog of those identified up to 2006 is in Schaefer 2006. See also Muehlhaeusler 2008; Schaefer 2014. 50. Bosworth 1976, 2: 18, 201; Bulliet 1987. 51
- Al-Bīrūnī. 1973. Kitāb al-Ṣ aydana, ed. and trans. H. M. Said. Karachi: Hamdard National Foundation.
- Cennini, Cennino d'Andrea. 1954. The Craftsman's Handbook 'Il Libro dell'Arte'. Trans. D. V. Thomp- son Jr. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1933; repr. New York: Dover.
- Forbes, R. J. 1964. Studies in Ancient Technology, vol. 4. 2nd ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
- Handley, F., and A. Regourd. 2009. Textiles with Writing from Quṣeir al-Qadīm: Finds from the South- ampton Excavations 1999-2003. In Connected Hinterlands: Proceedings of Red Sea Project IV, ed. L. Blue et al., 141-53. Oxford: Archaeopress.
- Huart, Cl. [J. Sadan]. 1986. Kursī. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 5: 509a-b. Ibn al-Abbār. 1963. Al-Ḥulla al-siyarāʾ, ed. Ḥ. Muʾnis, vol. 1. Cairo: al-Shirka al-ʿArabiyya li-l-Ṭibāʿa wa-l-Nashr. Ibn Bādīs. 1962. Medieval Arabic Bookmaking and Its Relation to Early Chemistry and Pharmacology, trans. M. Levey. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series 52.4. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
- Johnson, K. 2008. Perfumed Textiles. Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. http://digi- talcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/104 (accessed July 17, 2019).
- Löw, I. 1967. Die Flora der Juden, Vol. 3. Vienna, 1924; repr. Hildesheim: Olms.
- Stapf, O. 1907. The Gums Ammoniac of Morocco and the Cyrenaica. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Infor- mation (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 10: 375-88.
- Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin. 1985. Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technol- ogy: Part 1: Paper and Printing. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Siddiqua, U. H., Ali, S., Muzaffar, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics · doi:10.1177/1558925021996710 · Cited by 16
Scibè, C., Eng-Wilmot, K., Lam, T., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54480-4 · Cited by 8
Characterization of Ancient Dyes and Prints
Dewey, H., Lord, M., & Budhathoki‐Uprety, J. (2022) · Handbook of Museum Textiles · doi:10.1002/9781119983903.ch24
Characterization of Ancient Dyes and Prints
Dewey, H., Lord, M., & Budhathoki‐Uprety, J. (2022) · Handbook of Museum Textiles · doi:10.1002/9781119983439.ch5
Metadata
- Authors
- King, A. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Indiana (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Anya H.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Publisher
- American Oriental Society
- Published
- 2021-09-19
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 0003-0279 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-2289
- OpenAlex
- W3041706003
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 9.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Oriental Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Libraries, Manuscripts, and Books
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Eurasian Exchange Networks
- Keywords
- block printing, printing blocks, gold leaf, textile dyeing, textile decoration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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