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Making and Remaking Silla Origins
Open accessAbstract
The official narrative on the early history of the Korean state of Silla (trad. 57 BCE–935 CE) was constantly under revision and probably not initially charted until the late seventh or early eighth century. This narrative continued to evolve throughout the remainder of the Silla and early Koryŏ period (918–1392), achieving its final form in the mid-twelfth century with the publication of the Samguk sagi. King Mich'u (trad. r. 262–284) was modeled closely on King Pŏphŭng (r. 514–540) to push Silla origins back several hundred years. Sŏk T'arhae (trad. r. 57–80) and Naemul (trad. r. 356–402) were crafted based on Chinese historiography. The late emergence of the legend of Pak Hyŏkkŏse (trad. 57 BCE–4 CE) as the ultimate founder of Silla in the Koryŏ period reflects the relevance of the Pak descent group in the Silla-Koryŏ transition period and rise of the Pak lineage in the early Koryŏ period.
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81 Own interpretation · 28 Sources not found · 24 Own result · 10 No basis given · 7 Not checked yet
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“The funerary stele of King Munmu is the only inscription to mention a putative temporal relationship by asserting that Silla king Munmu's fifteenth generation ancestor was Sŏnghan.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
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“This stele inscription dating to 939that is, four years after the fall of Silla-is also important because it is the first to refer to King Naemul as a significant Silla ancestor.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
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“Sŏnghan is also mentioned in the inscription on the funerary stele of the Buddhist monk Great Master Chin'gong (Pirosa Chin'gong Taesa pobŏpt'ap pi 毘盧寺眞空大師普法塔碑), which was made in 939, in the early Koryŏ period.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
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“the first to mention a founding ancestor are the Silla steles commemorating King Chinhŭng's 眞興 (r.540-576) inspection tour at Hwangch'o Pass (Hwangch'oryŏng Silla Chinhŭngwang sunsu pi 黃草嶺 新羅眞興王巡守碑) and Maun Pass (Maullyŏng Silla Chinhŭngwang sunsu pi 磨雲嶺新羅 眞興王巡守碑), which both date to 568.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
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In the paper
“These are the only extant Silla steles that mention the founder of the state.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
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“As evidence, the compilers cite several terms and expressions shared by the people of Silla and Chinese peoples.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
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“As we have seen above, a few stele inscriptions refer to Sŏnghan 星漢 as the founding ancestor of the ruling Kim descent group of Silla.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
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In the paper
“the Samguk sagi indicates that Hyegong was probably the first king to officially recognize Mich'u as an ancestor by establishing a funerary temple in his name.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
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In the paper
“The Samguk sagi preserves no information on how old Naemul was when he came to the throne”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
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“The Chinese history, moreover, explicitly holds that its king was originally from Mahan.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
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In the paper
“The earliest mention of Naemul in epigraphy is the 939 funerary stele of the Buddhist monk Great Master Chin'gong (Pirosa Chin'gong Taesa pobŏpt'ap pi), which I discussed above in the section on Sŏnghan.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
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In the paper
“a closer examination of the evidence shows that they were actually surnamed Kim.50”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
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In the paper
“Epigraphy from the Silla period, moreover, provides no evidence that individuals possessing the Pak surname ever occupied the kingdom’s throne.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Additional information
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In the paper
“given the compelling evidence that Silla elites did not possess surnames until the mid-sixth century at the earliest”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
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In the paper
“Sŏnghan, the name of the Silla founder first mentioned in epigraphy, was gradually replaced by putative ancestral rulers of even more remote antiquity”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Abstract
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In the paper
“My hypothesis-and the uncomfortable truth-is that the Silla origin myths of Pak Hyŏkkŏse, Sŏk Tarhae, Kim Alchi, and even Naemul probably date no earlier than the late Silla period (780-935)”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Abstract
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In the paper
“their legends tell us a great deal about a late Silla and early Koryŏ vision of early Silla.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Abstract
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In the paper
“A systematic comparison and diachronic study of the legends suggest an evolution in Silla people's imagination of their early history-an evolution that continued well into the Koryŏ 高麗 period (918-1392).”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Abstract
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In the paper
“careful consideration of the broadest range of relevant primary evidence indicates that Silla historiographers and their Koryŏ-period successors continually reinvented Silla's origins to suit changing, largely political needs.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Abstract
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In the paper
“and were most likely systematized during the reigns of Koryŏ kings Injong 仁宗 (1122-1146) and Ŭijong 毅宗 (1146-1170)”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Silla was in the midst of playing a dangerous game of balancing outward assertions of loyalty to Tang while consolidating Silla rule over land conquered jointly by Tang and Silla forces in the peninsular unification wars (660-668).”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
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In the paper
“I believe that this reveals how those rulers deemed it useful to represent themselves as a source of political empowerment.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
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In the paper
“Accounts of Silla in Chinese historiographical literature compiled in the seventh century present a unified version of the peninsular state's origins that is demonstrably different than the narratives preserved in Korean historiography from the mid-Koryŏ period.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
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In the paper
“It seems likely that King Han and Sŏnghan refer to the same ancestor.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We know that this text was accessible at the highest levels of Silla's growing bureaucracy in the second half of the seventh century because Kim Ch'unch'u 金春秋 (604-661; Silla's future King Muyŏl 武烈, r. 654-661) was gifted with it when he visited the Tang court in 648.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
boostedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In short, the reference to Du-hou in the inscription on King Munmu's funerary stele can best be understood as a sophisticated historical allusion that attempts to accomplish multiple rhetorical and political purposes.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
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In the paper
“I agree with the explanation of more moderate scholars who see the fragmentary allegation as fulfilling a critical political purpose in the late seventh century when relations with Tang China were tenuous at best.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, the Liang shu seems to assert that a weak polity of sorts was formed by exiles and evacuees from Qin, and migrants from other peninsular polities.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
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In the paper
“the fabrication of Silla origins in Chinese historiography seems to have created a basis or foundation upon which later Silla historians attempted to build and, later, ultimately transcend.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
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In the paper
“(5), having sent envoys to the southern Chinese state of Liang in 521, he was the first Silla king to dispatch emissaries to any Chinese court since the late fourth century.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
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In the paper
“Fundamentally similar, but not in all respects identical, statements about the origins and early rulers of Silla are found in the treatises on Silla in the Sui shu 隋書 (History of the Sui), Jin shu, and Bei shi 北史 (History of the Northern Dynasties)-all texts compiled at the order of the Tang court and dated to the second quarter of the seventh century”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
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In the paper
“If such an account had existed, it would have been included in a dynastic history like the accounts of the founding king of Koguryŏ preserved in the Wei shu 魏書 (History of the Wei) and other dynastic histories.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: Silla envoys would have provided an officially approved account of the kingdom's origins as part of diplomatic concourse with Chinese courts.
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In the paper
“Mich'u appears to be a double of Pŏphŭng because the structure of his alleged genealogical relationships with his successors bears close similarities to Pŏphŭng's.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
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In the paper
“The idea for Naemul, the first Silla ruler in the Samguk sagi to bear the title maripkan 麻立干 (elevated ruler), may have come from the following passage from the now-lost Qin shu 秦 書 (History of the Former Qin dynasty), preserved in Du You's 杜佑 (735-812) Tongdian, completed in 801, and the Taiping yulan 太平御覽 (Read by the Emperor in the Taiping Reign Period), compiled in 982 in the early Song period”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
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In the paper
“Understanding King Mich'u as a double for King Pŏphŭng makes the Samguk yusa's narrative regarding the interaction between the spirits of Mich'u and Kim Yusin more sensible.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
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In the paper
“During much of the mid-Silla period (654-780), King Pŏphŭng (r.514-540) was probably the king worshiped as the Grand Ancestor of Silla.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
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In the paper
“considering the generally shorter lifespans and high mortality rates of antiquity, it is a great stretch of the imagination to believe that Mich'u, who died in 284, could have had a daughter married to Naemul, who, in turn, is reported to have ascended Silla's throne in 356 and then to have ruled for almost half a century.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
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In the paper
“Given the geopolitical context of late fourth-century Northeast Asia, it is entirely possible that the representatives of Silla simply tagged along as members of the Koguryŏ embassy because Silla was then likely a client state of that powerful northern kingdom.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
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In the paper
“In fact, all three founders of the royal surnames Pak, Sŏk, and Kim-Pak Hyŏkkŏse, Kim Alchi, and Sŏk T'arhae are associated with brightness and sacred fire.44”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As we have seen above, however, Silla epigraphy and Chinese historiography do not always support the traditional historical materials from the Koryŏ period.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
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In the paper
“Kim Pusik wanted to use that passage to emphasize Naemul's importance as recognized in Chinese historiographical literature.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
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In the paper
“Kim is the first royal surname of Silla mentioned in the early seventh-century Sui shu.45”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sui shu 81.1820
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The epigraphs on funerary steles of three late Silla eminent monks from the kingdom’s two primary Kim descent groups-those that are now termed the Kyŏngju Kim 慶州金氏 and Kimhae Kim 金海金氏 lineages-provide a marked contrast to the inscriptions just considered on the steles for monks surnamed Pak.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“three late Silla “Kim” steles state that the monuments-and thus, more significantly in the present context, the epigraphs that they bore-were erected with royal approval.55”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medieval Chinese Buddhist writers were likewise unaware that individuals surnamed Pak had been kings of Silla.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is probable that this fiction was prudently continued by Kim Pusik in the Samguk sagi due to the political prominence of the Pak family in the first years of the Koryŏ dynasty, a matter that will be subsequently addressed more fully.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I would suggest that the latter is more likely the case because, again, there is no extant epigraphical reference to Kim Alchi and no textual evidence prior to the Samguk sagi.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“The key element in these literary allusions is to the golden chest and its connection with the surname Kim.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This inverted allusion to Buddha suggests, at least, that the story was emended at a time when Buddhism enjoyed a dominant position in Korean culture.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Buddha Śākyamuni was born on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, and in the popular East Asian version of his birth he stood up, took seven steps, and vowed to achieve awakening.
In the paper
“Aside from the Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa, the earliest allusions to the story of the discovery of Alchi in the golden chest hanging from a tree in Kyerim date to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, when the scholar Ch’oe Ch’a 崔滋 (1188-1260) alluded to the story in a heptasyllabic poem, and the literatus Ch’oe Hae 崔瀣 (1287-1340) referred to it in an epitaph.62”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preponderance of Silla queens surnamed Pak in Silla’s antiquity in the Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa narratives and chronologies is, on first glance, striking.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we have seen, the funerary stele of the Buddhist monk Great Master Chin’gong, dated to 939, says that the monk’s “forebears descended from Sŏnghan” 其先降自聖韓.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With this statement, the Samguk yusa strongly intimates that Kim Alchi is a double of Pak Hyŏkkŏse.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ch’oe Ch’a is generally contemporaneous with Iryŏn and the Samguk yusa, and with no other earlier evidence or allusions to this story, the narrative of Kim Alchi probably dates to the twelfth century at the earliest.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is my understanding that the claims that so many early Silla queens bore the Pak surname is a fabrication crafted by the kingdom’s later Confucian historians in order to protect Silla from the stigma of being regarded as a country where the practice of marriage between individuals of the same surname (性; Lat.gens) or the same family (氏; Lat.familia) prevailed.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Most important is the sentence that says he was named Alchi because the circumstances of his appearance were just like (如) the narrative about Hyŏkkŏse.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In this extensive body of evidence, the first reference to the story of Pak Hyŏkkŏse is in the funerary epitaph of Pak Kyŏngsan 朴景山 (fl.1122-1146), which was composed in 1158-or slightly more than a decade after the Samguk sagi.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That no other earlier members of the Pak family are presented as scions of Hyŏkkŏse or as descendants of early Silla kings strongly suggests that such claims did not exist until the mid-twelfth century.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, it appears that members of the Pak descent group did not begin to claim Hyŏkkŏse as an ancestor until just after the Samguk sagi was presented to the Koryŏ court on the 22nd day of the 12th lunar month of the 23rd year of King Injong (February 22, 1146).65”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The selection of the Pak clan as the royal dynasty of Silla’s antiquity by the Koryŏ royal court cannot be appreciated properly outside of its intimate relationship with the Pak descent group in the early Koryŏ period.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the late Silla and early Koryŏ epigraphic and historiographic evidence we have just considered, it is apparent that the Pak royal lineage of ancient Silla was not fully conceptualized and articulated until the time that the royally ordered Samguk sagi was composed.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several examples of epigraphy about privileged men surnamed Pak remain from the late Silla and early Koryŏ periods.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, historical evidence supports the conclusion that the foundation myth of Pak Hyŏkkŏse was most likely crafted in the midtwelfth century to serve contemporary political and/or social purposes.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among the close advisors and confederates of T’aejo, there were, moreover, several members of the Pak family who additionally served as high-ranking ministers in the courts of two other early Koryŏ rulers, Chŏngjong 定宗 (r.945-949) and Kwangjong 光宗 (r.949-975).66”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latter text, which is placed in a magisterial position of almost unquestioned authority at the front of the Koryŏsa, was crafted by the otherwise unknown Kim Kwanŭi 金寬毅 (d.u.) during the reign of King Ŭijong 毅宗 (1146-1170).”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is the same time that the Samguk sagi was compiled, edited, and presented to the court, and it would seem that a new myth of Silla’s origins was necessary to pave the way for a revamped Koryŏ foundation myth.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It would be a stretch to conclude that Sŏnghan in this case refers to Alchi, besides the fact that the key element of the golden chest is missing.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The claim of the Koryŏ ruling family, the Wang family, of descent from Tang emperor Suzong 肅宗 (r.756-762) appears in the Koryŏ founding legend preserved in the Koryŏsa, which reproduces the text of the P’yŏnnyŏn t’ongnok 編年通錄-a collection of mythical stories of the Koryŏ founder’s ancestors.67”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The narrative on Sŏk T’arhae seems to have been crafted in response to Chinese historiography of the seventh century to flesh out and transform the received narrative that the first Silla king was originally from Mahan (or Paekche).”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Silla epigraphy from the late seventh to the early ninth century refers to a shadowy figure named Sŏnghan as the founding king of Silla”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This narrative continued to evolve throughout the remainder of the Silla period and into the early Koryŏ period, achieving its final form during the reigns of Injong and Ŭijong in the mid-twelfth century.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“King Mich’u was modeled closely on King Pŏphŭng to push the origins of the Kim family’s sovereignty back several hundred years.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Chinese official histories compiled in the first half of the seventh century generally agree that Silla was a state that coalesced around various immigrant peoples who were originally ruled by a king from Mahan.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sixth-century Silla monarch, Pŏphŭng, probably emerged as a viable founding king during the eighth century when the Silla royalty constructed Chinese-style ancestral temples following instructions in the Book of Rites.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Despite the Confucian rhetoric of asserting that a Confucian historian “transmits/narrates but does not fabricate” 述而不作, 71 we must conclude that the official historians and policy makers of Silla and Koryŏ continually made and remade Silla’s origins in response to historical and political expedients.71”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concerning the time of the kingdom’s founding, both archeological evidence and textual evidence from early Chinese histories indicate a date no earlier than the fourth century Ce.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, epigraphic evidence strongly suggests that the received narrative first achieved the complex form presented in “Basic Annals of Silla” in the Samguk sagi in the mid-twelfth century.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
boostedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As for the founder of the kingdom, epigraphic evidence from the sixth century-the earliest known from Silla-refers to an unnamed and otherwise unidentified Grand Ancestor as the founder of the state.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the funerary stele of King Munmu explicitly states that Sŏnghan was Munmu’s fifteenth-generation ancestor.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, as we have seen above, the legend of Pak Hyŏkkŏse is first alluded to in the epitaph of Pak Kyŏngsan, a grandson of Pak Illyang, in 1158.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to parade itself as the leading family of the Samhan 三韓, which by the early Koryŏ period was accepted code for “Korean antiquity,” some element within the Pak descent group crafted their genealogy, embellishing it with a story about the ancient “Pak dynasty.””
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the earliest extant Silla inscription dates to about 501”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“because they are not attested in Silla epigraphy and are not supported by Chinese historiography.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, Chinese historians of the seventh century had no problem equating Silla to the earlier state Chinhan 辰韓/秦韓 and Paekche to Mahan.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although in surviving sixth-century inscriptions, Silla's founding king is not referred to by name, in extant epigraphs dating to the late seventh century through the mid-ninth century, Silla's founder is a figure called Sŏnghan.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What is significant about all of these Chinese accounts of early Silla is that they generally agree that the early Silla polity coalesced around immigrants from multiple states and polities and, more importantly, that no name for the Mahan (or Paekche) king who first ruled this state is remembered or recorded.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both Mich'u and Pŏphŭng are sons of kalmunwangs, 33 and both had daughters who either married the ruler's brother (Pŏphŭng) or the ruler's son (Mich'u) and thereby produced progeny who eventually ascended the throne.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pŏphŭng not only made Kim Yusin's grandfather, Kim Kuhae 金仇亥, a grandee (sangdŭng 上等), thereby granting him membership in Silla's powerful council of nobles, but he also returned to him his erstwhile domain of Kŭmgwan Kaya as his prebendal fief (sigŭp 食邑).”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This passage was repurposed by Kim Pusik and, with some slight modifications, appears as the entry for the twenty-sixth year of King Naemul (382).”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to recognize that there is no viable linguistic connection between the Samguk sagi's name of Naemul and the name Nuhan 樓寒 (Ch.Louhan) that appears in the excerpt from the Qin shu preserved in the Tongdian and the Taiping yulan.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although Naemul's reality cannot be corroborated outside of the Samguk sagi narrative”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What seems important here is that the purported ancestor bears or was gifted with the surname Jin 金 (Kim in Korean), and that he was a loyal servant of the legitimate Son of Heaven.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is an interesting choice of words because the Sinograph 降 often suggests descent in terms of coming down from heaven or another realm.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Are they really asserting their independence from the Tang Chinese sphere of influence and descent from the Xiongnu, or are they claiming to be non-Chinese but loyal participants in the Sinitic world?I believe that the latter is more reasonable and fits the historical context better.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even the Liang shu 梁書 (History of the Liang) compiled in the early seventh century claims that the surname of the Silla king (read in modern Korean pronunciation) was Mo 募 and his given name was Chin 秦, 19 probably mistaking part of the transliterated given name of Silla king Pŏphŭng 法興 (r.514-540), rendered in a Silla inscription as Mojŭkchi 牟卽 智.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Silla royalty probably did not start using the Kim surname until sometime in the mid-sixth century, because it is not found in the earliest stele inscriptions, such as the Chungsŏng stele (P'ohang Chungsŏngni Silla pi 浦項中城里新羅碑, 501), 16 Naengsu stele (Yŏngil Naengsuri Silla pi 迎日冷水里 新羅碑, 503), 17 and the Pongp'yŏng stele (Ulchin Pongp'yŏng Silla pi 蔚珍鳳坪新羅碑, 524).”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Silla had miraculously expelled Tang forces from the conquered Paekche 百濟 (trad.18 bCe-660 Ce) territory in the southwest of the peninsula and the southern part of the subjugated Koguryŏ 高句麗 (trad.37 bCe-668 Ce) domain by 676-perhaps due to Tang's supply lines being destroyed by a storm or the Tang military's withdrawal because of a greater military threat on its western flank from proto-Tibetans.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Jin shu 晉書 (History of the Jin; compiled in 644) reports that Chinhan 秦韓, the predecessor polity to Silla, was partly populated by people of the first Chinese empire of Qin 秦 (221-207 bCe) who fled to Han 韓 (i.e., the Three Korean Han states) to avoid corvée labor when Qin fell in 207 bCe.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, in early medieval England, most Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies converged on and claimed descent from the Germanic god-hero Woden, and then after Latin Christianity had taken root, the blood lines of English rulers were traced back to either Noah or Adam.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, it was not until the early eighth-century reign of King Sŏngdŏk 聖德 (r.702-737) that Silla firmly achieved détente with Tang and resumed frequent and regular tribute/diplomatic relations with the Chinese court.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken as a whole, the Chinese accounts assert that Silla's population was comprised of refugees from many states and polities on the continent and the peninsula-but particularly the early Qin state and Koguryŏ-and that Silla was ruled by a man of Paekche or Mahan 馬韓.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The account of Silla reports that ancestors of the current Silla people comprise refugees and absconders from the fallen, short-lived conquest dynasty of Qin 秦 (221-207 bCe).”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 674, Tang emperor Gaozong 高宗 (r.649-683) threatened to replace King Munmu with his brother Kim Inmun.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If Silla royal descent from Du-hou (the Marquis Du; Kor.Kim Ilche), the Xiongnu prince who flourished in the early second century bCe, was actually an important historical memory, it would probably be recorded in more than one place.Because it is not mentioned on any other royal stele inscription, however, I am skeptical of its historicity.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: If a historical memory was important, it would probably be recorded in more than one place.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are certainly important cultural similarities between Koreans and the Turko-Mongol peoples, but I think it constitutes a serious overstatement to make a blanket claim regarding descent from the Xiongnu.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is evidence of a fundamental anachronistic problem with Mich'u's relationship with his successors, as described in the Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa, and strongly suggests that he was fabricated to fill a space in a king list crafted at a later date.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it would be hard to believe that a woman born in 285-if, for the sake of argument-we hypothesize that she was conceived in the last year of her father's life, could give birth to a child who would eventually assume the throne in 417, 132 years later.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This should not be taken as an early account of the founding of Silla, but it does suggest that Chinese historians may have had something like this in mind in their crafting of a narrative on Silla origins in later dynastic histories.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(3) he was the first king to expand the domain of Silla by absorbing Kŭmgwan Kaya 金官伽倻, in the region of present-day Kimhae 金 海 in southeastern Korea, in 532, beginning the process of amalgamating the Chinhan and Pyŏnhan regions”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This narrative about King Mich'u dates at earliest to the late eighth century-and thus likely after the end of the troubled reign of King Hyegong (765-780), whose reign ended with his murder by subordinates-officials who were also probably his relatives.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both Chinese and Korean sources confirm that, over the course of the sixth century, Silla had diplomatic contact with not only the Liang, but also with the Northern Qi 北齊 (550-577) and Sui 隋 (581-618) dynasties”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the ninth century, the true-bone scholar-officials of Silla had fully imbibed Confucianism and adapted Chinese-style statecraft to preserve their hereditary privileges.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(4) he is remembered as having established civil and penal codes 律令 and court dress for official positions”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That the compilers of Chinese standard histories commonly borrowed and reused material from earlier histories associated with geographic regions, notwithstanding great temporal distances, such as in this case, is a well-known quandary.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 2. silla origins in offiCial Chinese histories
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kim Yusin was the scion of the royal family of Kŭmgwan Kaya, which submitted to Silla rule in 532, during the reign of King Pŏphŭng.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(2) he was the first Silla king to formally recognize Buddhism”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 3. king pŏphŭng and his double king MiCh'u
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to the story, Hyŏkkŏse is given the surname Pak 朴 or Ho 瓠 because both Sinographs rendered the sound palk 밝 (bright) when read in the Korean vernacular.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of course, it is also certainly possible that the Chinese text has either been highly edited or is purposefully misleading”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mid-eleventh-century Xin Tang shu 新唐書 (New History of the Tang), as well, suggests that there was only one royal family of Silla: His [the king’s] family is called the first bone and they are distinguished from the second bone.48”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Curiously, an interlinear note in the Samguk yusa also says that he may also be designated as Alchi kŏsŏgan ilgi 閼智居西干一起, 43 which will be analyzed later.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“An extant remnant of the Han yuan 翰苑 (Literary Collection), which likewise dates to the seventh century, also clearly records that the surname of the Silla royal family is Kim, mentions no other royal surnames for Silla, and refers to now lost texts that assert that the Kim family had lasted for thirty generations.46”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Samguk yusa explains that Hyŏkkŏse means “Bright Noble One” 光明理世, and may also be styled “King Bright One” 弗矩內王.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mid-tenth-century Jiu Tang shu 舊唐書 (Old History of the Tang) reports: “Many of the people of the state have the two surnames Kim and Pak, and they are unable to marry anyone with a different surname” 國人多金，朴兩姓，異姓不為婚.47”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jiu Tang shu 199A.5334
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa have narratives presenting Pak Hyŏkkŏse-who is described as a miraculous child who seemingly radiated light and was hatched from an egg, and whose birth was heralded by a neighing horse-as the founder of Silla.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“something significant seems to have happened at the highest levels of Silla society and government in the late fourth century to cause it to reach out to the Former Qin state.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 4. king naeMul and the late silla-early koryŏ origin legend
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From these data, the royalty and nobility of early Silla clearly practiced endogamy, marriage between close relatives, especially at the highest echelons of power and privilege in society.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Additional information
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet the inscription on neither of these steles alleges that either of these high-ranking monks’ ancestors, or even that any individual surnamed Pak, ever ruled Silla.51”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The epigraphs on the steles of the monks from the Kim descent groups proudly proclaim the three clerics to have been, respectively, an eighth-generation descendant of King Muyŏl, 52 “a sprout of Sŏnghan” 星漢之苗, 53 and “of the royal family of Imna” 任那王族-Imna being here employed as a geographically derived euphemism for the small, but important, royal polity of Kŭmgwan Kaya that Silla subjugated in 5”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The great Buddhist historian Daoxuan 道宣 (596-667) recorded the monk-scholar Wŏn’gwang’s 圓光 (ca.540-640) surname as Pak, but mentioned nothing about his descending from royal heritage in the Xu gaoseng zhuan 續高僧傳 (Further Lives of Eminent Monks), which was first completed in 649.56”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although three generations of rulers at the end of the Silla period are represented in both the Samguk sagi and the Samguk yusa as having possessed the Pak surname: the kings Sindŏk 神德 (r.912-917), Kyŏngmyŏng 景明 (r.917-924), and Kyŏngae 景哀 (r.924-927)”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Funerary steles of two monks surnamed Pak remain from the late Silla period: the stele of Hyech’ŏl 慧澈 (785-861), the Taeansa Chŏgin Sŏnsa choryun ch’ŏngjŏng t’appi 大安寺寂忍禪師照輪淸淨塔碑, which was erected in 872, and that of Taet’ong 大通 (816-883), the Wŏlgwangsa Wŏllang Sŏnsa taebo sŏn’gwang t’appi 月光寺圓朗禪師大寶禪光塔碑, erected in 890.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In this narrative, when King T’arhae opens the golden chest, Alchi immediately stood up.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The account of the nisagŭm Mich’u in the Samguk sagi reports: “His ancestor Alchi appeared at Kyerim.King T’arhae took him and raised him in the palace and later made him Grand Protector” 其先閼智出於鷄林。 脫解王得之養於宮中 後拜爲大輔.59”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Samguk sagi 2.35 (Mich'u 1)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The informative details of this narrative that need to be considered carefully for the topic at hand are, first, that the day of Alchi’s “birth,” or more precisely his “descent from heaven,” is an interesting reverse juxtaposition of the Buddha’s birthday.The Buddha Śākyamuni was born on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, but Alchi manifested in the world on the fourth day of the eighth”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Buddha Śākyamuni was born on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, and in the popular East Asian version of his birth he stood up, took seven steps, and vowed to achieve awakening.
In the paper
“In the biography of the Silla monk Chajang 慈藏 (fl.632-650), Daoxuan reports that his surname is Kim and seems to imply, but does not state explicitly, that Chajang’s ancestors were members of the royal family of Silla.58”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 5. pak hyŏkkŏse and silla's alleged pak dynasts
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Michael Rogers asserted that Koryŏ’s shattered legitimacy had to be strengthened and reshaped; hence, the creation of “a new national myth” in the P’yŏnnyŏn t’ongnok.68”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rogers, "P'yŏnnyŏn t'ongnok," 50-51
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early Koryŏ period, the powerful and distinguished Pak clan provided assistance to the Wang 王 royal family and wielded overwhelming influence in the realm.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Five epitaphs and one inscription on a stone coffin remain from the early to mid-Koryŏ period 63 and, in addition, eight scholarofficials surnamed Pak have biographies in the Koryŏsa 高麗史 (History of Koryŏ).64”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 6. pak hyŏkkŏse and his double kiM alChi
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assertion of Pak ascendancy in Silla’s antiquity can be seen on the one hand to emphasize the importance of the Pak family in its relationship with the royal Kim family of Silla, and simultaneously to serve the purpose of enhancing the authority of the Pak family by designating its founder as having been both an individual of miraculous birth and the first occupant of the Silla throne.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four of the Koryŏ founder king T’aejo’s 太祖 (Wang Kŏn 王建, r. 918-943) twenty-eight queen consorts were from the Pak descent group-the most from any of the distinguished clans affiliated through marriage with the Koryŏ founder, T’aejo.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pak Illyang was active in the second half of the eleventh century and is traditionally held to be the author and compiler of the Silla sui chŏn 新羅殊異傳 (Tales of the Bizarre in Silla), a collection of strange and miraculous tales of Silla that was used by Iryŏn and other writers of the late Koryŏ and Chosŏn period 朝鮮 (1392-1910) and of which only fragments remain.70”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This embroidered and exaggerated information was then inserted into early Silla history when the Samguk sagi was compiled, serving the useful and convenient purpose of enabling Kim Pusik and his associates to push the “origins” of Silla back before those of Koguryŏ and Paekche.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perhaps especially significant in this regard are both the marriage of Koryŏ’s founder and first monarch, Wang Kŏn, to several Silla women surnamed Pak during his rise to power on the peninsula in the early tenth century and the number of male members of the Pak family that Wang Kŏn and his royal descendants appointed to high office during the first half-century of Koryŏ rule.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is apparent that an official narrative on the early history of the Silla state was repeatedly revised and probably not clearly charted-and perhaps not even conceptualizeduntil the late seventh or early eighth century.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“King Naemul was not advanced as an important ancestor to Silla’s sovereigns seemingly until the late Silla-early Koryŏ period because he makes his first appearance in extant epigraphy in 939, or four years after Silla’s demise.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The origin of this fabrication was probably not a directive from the official historiographers of Koryŏ’s Bureau of State Records (Ch’unch’u kwan 春秋 館), but was rather something chroniclers of a latter period did to add luster to “lineage chart books” 家乘 of the Pak family.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 7. hoW pak hyŏkkŏse beCaMe silla's founder
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither the time of the foundation of the royal state of Silla nor the name of the founder can be known with certainty.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the time of the reign of King Hyegong (765-780), King Mich’u was likely conceptualized as a double of Pŏphŭng and as the first Silla king surnamed Kim.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pak Hyŏkkŏse, the Silla founder in the narratives recorded in the Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa, is probably a creation of the twelfth century, the time of Kim Pusik, or perhaps a little before, because references to the kings of Silla surnamed Pak do not appear in the extant epigraphic record until the mid-twelfth century-and thus well after the fall of the dynasty-and early Chinese historical”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Munmu’s stele also asserts that the royal family of Silla are descendants of Du-hou (Marquis Du), a Xiongnu prince named Jin Ridi-Kim Ilche in Korean-who was loyal to the Han dynasty during the age of the great Han-Xiongnu war in the second century bCe.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 8. suMMary and signifiCanCe
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Silla envoys would have provided an officially approved account of the kingdom's origins as part of diplomatic concourse with Chinese courts.
“it seems reasonable to assume that, as part of diplomatic concourse with their courts, Silla's envoys would have provided them with an officiallyapproved account of the kingdom's origins.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If a historical memory was important, it would probably be recorded in more than one place.
“If Silla royal descent from Du-hou (the Marquis Du; Kor.Kim Ilche), the Xiongnu prince who flourished in the early second century bCe, was actually an important historical memory, it would probably be recorded in more than one place.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The character '土' in the passage '喜躍蹌蹌土擇吉日' is a typographical error for '王'.
“My translation here rests on the readily justified assumption that the “土” that appears in the passage “喜躍 蹌蹌土擇吉日” is a typographical error for “王.””
The paper relies on this without support.
The Buddha Śākyamuni was born on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, and in the popular East Asian version of his birth he stood up, took seven steps, and vowed to achieve awakening.
“The Buddha Śākyamuni was born on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, but Alchi manifested in the world on the fourth day of the eighth lunar month.In the version of the Buddha’s birth popular in East Asia, after the Buddha’s relatively clean birth from his mother’s side, he stood up, took seven steps, and uttered a vow that he would achieve awakening in his lifetime.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
“These are the only extant Silla steles that mention the founder of the state.”
§ Making and Remaking Silla Origins > 1. silla epigraphy and the king MunMu funerary stele
“Both inscriptions have short passages referring to 6. Ikeuchi Hiroshi 池内宏, "Shiragi no koppinsei to ōtō" 新羅の骨品制と王統, Tōyō gakuhō 東洋學報 28.3 (1941): 327-60.”
Citations
Cites
Paganism to Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England
Chaney, W. A. (1960) · Harvard Theological Review · doi:10.1017/s0017816000027012 · Cited by 23
State and society in middle and late Silla
McBride, R. D. (2010) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Mark E. Byington (Cambridge, MA: Early Korea Project, Korea Institute, Harvard Univ., 2009), 125- 52, esp. 137.
- Pŏphŭng was the first Silla king to use Buddhist symbolism to strengthen royal power and authority through the erection of Buddhist monasteries and the adoption and adaptation of Buddhism symbolism. See Richard D. McBride II, "When Did the Rulers of Silla Become Kings?" Han'guk kodaesa tam'gu 韓國古代史探究 8 (2011): 215-55. 32. Samguk sagi 4.49-51.
- Kalmunwang 葛文王 is a title granted to certain nobles based on their position in Silla society and on their special relations to the king in order to enhance their own and their offspring's legitimacy and to preserve hereditary privileges in the council of nobles. See Richard D. McBride II, ed., State and Society in Middle and Late Silla, Early Korea Project Monograph Series, vol. 1 (Cambridge, MA: Early Korea Project, Korea Institute, Harvard Univ., 2010), 7-8.
- Scholars have demonstrated, however, that Sindŏk was actually a member of the Kim descent group. Inoue Hideo 井上秀雄, Shiragishi kiso kenkyū 新羅史基礎硏究 (Tokyo: Tō Shuppan, 1974), 364-69, thinks that King Sindŏk's surname was changed to Pak after his ascension to the throne. In addition, one scholar has advanced the persuasive theory that the accounts of late Silla rulers being members of the Pak family may have functioned to support the transition to the Wang family of Koryŏ, just as the assertion that Emperor Qin Shihuang 秦始皇帝 (Ying Zheng 嬴政, r. 221-210 bce) was actually the son of Lü Buwei 呂不韋 (291-235 bce) helped establish the authority of the succeeding Han 漢 dynasty (206 bce-220 ce), and the allegation that the Koryŏ kings U 禑王 (r. 1374-1388) and Ch'ang 昌王 (r. 1388-1389) were not the sons of King Kongmin 恭愍 (r. 1351-1374), but were actually the sons of the monk Sindon 辛旽 (1322-1371), assisted in the establishment of the royal Yi 李 family of the Chosŏn 朝鮮 dynasty (1392-1910). See Kwŏn Tŏgyŏng 權悳永, "Silla hadae Pakssi seryŏk ŭi tonghyang kwa 'Pakssi wangga'" 신라하대朴氏勢力의동향과 '朴氏王家', Han'guk kodaesa yŏn'gu 韓國古代史硏究 49 (2008): 189-221, esp. 212-16. 51. Chōsen kinseki sōran 1: 83-86, 116-17.
- "Pak Kyŏngin myoji" 朴景仁墓誌, in Chōsen kinseki sōran 1: 303-4; "Pak Chongha sŏkkwan ki" 朴宗夏 石棺記, in Chōsen kinseki sōran 1: 347; "Pak Ch'ongsŏ myoji" 朴聰諝墓誌, in Han'guk kŭmsŏngmun ch'ubo 韓國 金石文追補, ed. Yi Namyŏng 李南映, Han'guk kumsŏngmun chŏnsŏ, vol. 4 (Seoul: Asea Munhwasa, 1979), 104- 5; "Pak So myoji" 朴翛墓誌, in Chōsen kinseki sōran 1: 372-73; "Pak Tŭngnyŏng myoji" 朴得齡墓誌, in Chōsen kinseki sōran 1: 373-74; and "Pak Kyŏngsan myoji" 朴景山墓誌, in Han'guk kŭmsŏngmun ch'ubo, 143-44. All of the relevant information is presented in table form in Mun Kyŏnghyŏn, Sillasa yŏn'gu, 121-22.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Enlivening warriors: Re-examining social rankings in the Silla Kingdom, Korea
Kim, M. (2025) · Archaeological Research in Asia · doi:10.1016/j.ara.2025.100636
Metadata
- Authors
- McBride, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Brigham Young University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McBride, Richard D.
- ORCID
- McBride, Richard D.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Publisher
- American Oriental Society
- Published
- 2021-09-19
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0003-0279 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-2289
- OpenAlex
- W3089175602
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Oriental Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Korean Peninsula Historical and Political Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Classical Studies and Philology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medieval Literature and History
- Keywords
- Silla, Samguk Sagi, official historiography, Chinese historiography
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