The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 44 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of “Dialectal Tanwīn” in Arabic
Open accessAbstract
Scholars of Arabic dialects have long noted the occurrence of a morpheme in a widespread number of dialects, realized -ən or -an, frequently suffixed to morphologically indefinite nouns, especially when followed by an adjective. Separately, another morpheme, realized -un or -u, is attested with a slightly different distribution in the dialects of western Yemen. Traditionally, scholars have interpreted both morphemes as reflexes of an etymological case vowel + tanwīn (Blau 1981), traditionally labeled “dialectal tanwīn.” In this paper, I offer a new reconstruction of the origin and diachronic development of this morpheme. Throughout I integrate data and insights from comparative Semitics, as well as recently studied pre-Islamic epigraphic and textual materials, in order to break the familiar Classical Arabic / dialectal Arabic dichotomy and reframe the way in which historiography of features in the dialects is conducted.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper defends the traditional view that the Arabic morpheme known as dialectal tanwīn comes from an etymological case vowel plus tanwīn, not from a separate linking morpheme. It proposes that case vowels merged before tanwīn and that non-Tihama and Tihama distributions reflect different pausal developments.
Key findings
- The author argues that dialectal tanwīn derives from case vowel + tanwīn; the alternative *-Vn linking morpheme is rejected as otherwise unattested in Semitic and unable to account for adverbial and verbal-participle uses in the same dialects.
- Non-Tihama dialectal tanwīn typically attaches to an indefinite noun followed by an attributive adjective, clause, or prepositional phrase and usually does not occur utterance-finally; Tihama dialects often attach it to any eligible indefinite noun, with realizations such as -in or -u(n), and Bal-Qarn/Banī ʿAbādil show nonpausal -in versus pausal -u.
- The reconstruction proposes merger of short case vowels before tanwīn, e.g. *-un/*-in/*-an becoming a high vowel plus n or a dialect-specific nonphonemic vowel, with accusative sometimes remaining distinct; this loss of phonemic contrast may have contributed to the breakdown of case.
- The paper links the two distributions to two Classical Arabic pause patterns, muṭlaqa and muqayyada, and argues that case and tanwīn are reconstructible to proto-Arabic; pre-Islamic Safaitic, Nabataean, and Ḥismaic materials mostly lack tanwīn, and the Qurʾānic consonantal text lacks it except for kaʾayy-in.
Methods
- Comparative-historical linguistic reconstruction integrating comparative Semitic evidence (Akkadian, Ugaritic, Ancient South Arabian), pre-Islamic and early Islamic Arabic materials, and historical and contemporary Arabic dialect data.
- Data include Judaeo-Arabic attestations from at least the early ninth century, Cairo Geniza letters from the eleventh to nineteenth centuries, Andalusi examples from the eleventh century and Ibn Quzmān in the twelfth century, plus modern dialects from the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, the Levant, sub-Saharan Africa, Anatolia, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan.
- The analysis reviews earlier proposals (Nöldeke, Birkeland, Cantineau, Blau, Owens) and evaluates them against syntactic distribution, pausal/nonpausal forms, vowel quality, and Semitic nasalization and case patterns.
Limitations
- The paper states that detailed dialect descriptions and complete texts are scarce, especially for Tihama -u(n) dialects and Najdi/Central Arabian dialects, and that pausal distribution is often incomplete because of data-collection methods.
- The author acknowledges a degree of circularity: if one does not accept that case and tanwīn are reconstructible to proto-Arabic, the argument’s starting point is not shared.
- Evident from the text: many claims rely on secondary sources and limited examples, some tables are incomplete or lack data, and the mapping of Tihama versus non-Tihama data onto specific pause patterns is not fully resolved.
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Claims the paper makes
62 Own interpretation · 44 No basis given · 29 Sources not found · 13 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 9 Not checked yet · 2 Partly supported · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“both occur only on morphologically indefinite nouns, and in the Yemeni data DT, like etymological tanwīn, is often absent on diptotes (Blau 2006; van Putten 2017).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites van Putten 2017 source
Section 12 reports that Yemeni dialects retain indefinite markers reflecting nūnation, but that diptotic patterns and feminine nouns often lack those markers. It also describes variation in which the marker appears in some contexts, consistent with the claim’s ‘often’ qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DT is also attested suffixed to a noun followed by an attributive verbal clause.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.1. N-Vn + ADJ
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intriguing in the case of these Bahraini examples is the fact that adverbially, DT is -an rather than the otherwise attested -in.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.4. Adverbial Uses of DT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the distribution of roots with final glides when word-final and nonword-final suggests that case, especially the genitive, persisted in nonword-final contexts in the Quran.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are two clear patterns to the distribution of DT that are classifiable according to geography-non-Tihama dialects and those of the Tihama.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.7 Review of Distribution
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By far the most common context in which DT occurs in every available corpus is suffixed to a noun followed by an adnominal attributive adjective (N-Vn + ADJ).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.1. N-Vn + ADJ
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the distribution of DT, which differs significantly between Tihama and non-Tihama varieties”
- Also stated in: § 2.7 Review of Distribution · boosted
“There are two clear patterns to the distribution of DT that are classifiable according to geography-non-Tihama dialects and those of the Tihama.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > Abstract
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- Also stated in: § 2.7 Review of Distribution · boosted
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typically, in these dialects, DT is suffixed to any morphologically indefinite noun, not just those followed by an attributive adjective or clause.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This attribute is virtually always an attributive adjective, and less commonly a prepositional phrase or a verbal clause.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2. data
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Since there is remarkable consistency across the dialects surveyed in, e.g., Behnstedt 2016”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Behnstedt 2016 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The final usage, attested in both historical and contemporary Arabic varieties, is to mark a noun modified by an attributive prepositional phrase.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.3. N-Vn + PP
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“This same distribution is also reported for the dialects of ar-Rāyṯ and the Banī Malik in the Saudi Tihama, as well as in the dialect of the Banī ʿAbādil (Behnstedt 2016: 65).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Behnstedt 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we have seen, in the non-Tihama dialects, outside of a few frozen adverbs, DT occurs when suffixed to a morphologically indefinite noun when followed by an attribute.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.7 Review of Distribution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vowel is usually realized as either of the high vowels -in or -u(n).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.7 Review of Distribution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While especially concentrated in the Arabian peninsula, it is attested in dialects from across Anatolia and Mesopotamia, the Levant, sub-Saharan Africa, and even the isolated pockets of Arabic speakers in Central Asia”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.1. N-Vn + ADJ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some dialects, the form is identical to DT elsewhere, namely, -in:”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this pattern is decidedly less common across the contemporary dialects than N-Vn + ADJ, it is nevertheless attested both historically in JA as well as in contemporary dialects.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.1. N-Vn + ADJ
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exceptions primarily include patterns that in ClAr are diptotic.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.7 Review of Distribution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DT does not occur suffixed to nouns that occur utterance-finally.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.7 Review of Distribution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In SW Saudi Arabia, we noted the existence of a few dialects in which nonpausally -in occurs, while pausally -u (or perhaps -ū) occurs (i.e., Bal-Qarn; T. Procházka 1988)”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites T. Procházka 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the dialects of the Yemeni and Saudi Tihama, typically any eligible noun occurs with DT regardless of its position in the utterance.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.7 Review of Distribution
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This function of DT, marking a noun followed by attributive adjectives, is the most common one in the modern Arabic dialects.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.1. N-Vn + ADJ
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most contexts, the noun to which DT is suffixed is followed by an adnominal attribute.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2. data
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DT is attested in both historical and contemporary data.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2. data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, in a few dialects on the edge of the Tihama, the distribution of DT resembles that elsewhere outside of the Tihama, namely, occurring on a noun followed by a qualifying adjective”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In many dialects, forms with tanwīn are also attested”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.4. Adverbial Uses of DT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The morphology of DT in many Tihama varieties differs from that of non-Tihama dialects.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“A few dialects for which text-length data is available, however, attest an intriguing distribution, e.g., non-pausal -in / pausal -u:”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In other dialects, such as Najdi and Andalusi, DT is suffixed to participles used verbally.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.5. Other Syntactic Functions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the Tihama, these include dialects of Bal-Qarn and Banī ʿAbādil.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The synchronic realization of the vowel is generally that of the nonphonemic epenthetic vowel in each dialect.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is attested in Bahraini, Omani, and some rural Iraqi fellāḥī varieties;”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, in the Tihama dialects, DT occurs in most dialects on any eligible noun.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in a subset, DT on nonphrase-final nouns differs from the form suffixed to phrase-final nouns.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As seen in section two, the distribution of DT in non-Tihama dialects occurs only on nouns when followed by some attribute.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As several scholars have noted, and as seen in the examples above, DT does not usually occur noun phrase-finally in non-Tihama dialects (see Fischer and Jastrow 1980: 121).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fischer and Jastrow 1980: 121
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“A few, however, attest a generalized high vowel, typically -in, nonpausally, but lengthened -u pausally.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When lengthened pausally, the high vowel was realized as -u, as in, e.g., Bal-Qarn, which nonpausally has N-in, but pausally N-u.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These dialects are reflected in, e.g., Najdi dialects in which DT is everywhere -in, even on adverbs.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this case, the DT assimilates to the following dental: *zaġīr-in darvīš > zaġīr-id darvīš.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, most Tihama dialects attest a generalized high vowel, either -u(n) or -in, regardless of the position of the noun in the utterance.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some dialects with DT, such as, e.g., Najdi, attest a state in which pausal *ā was not generalized to all adverbs: ʿugb-in”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
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In the paper
“Separately, another morpheme, realized -un or -u, is attested with a slightly different distribution in the dialects of western Yemen.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“In the Tihama region of SW Saudi Arabia and Yemen, a similar phenomenon, also referred to as DT, occurs, but with a different distribution (Behnstedt 2016: 64-67).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Behnstedt 2016 source
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
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In the paper
“My proposal is that realization of DT represents a merger of the etymological case vowels following a loss of phonemic contrast”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > Abstract
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In the paper
“We need not appeal to a separate, otherwise unattested morpheme to explain DT.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > Abstract
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In the paper
“I will argue that the current distribution of DT in both non-Tihama and Tihama dialects is perfectly compatible with a derivation from etymological tanwīn.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > Abstract
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In the paper
“It is also frequently absent on the feminine singular ending *-at (tāʾ marbūṭa).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“which itself possibly contributed directly to the breakdown of the case system.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > Abstract
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In the paper
“should be understood against the background of the two patterns of pause attested in ClAr: prose and poetry.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > Abstract
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In the paper
“Cantineau's proposal is marred by the fact that he does not connect it with other relevant linguistic features, such as the modal system on the imperfect verb.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
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In the paper
“linguistic analysis of pre-Islamic epigraphic evidence from the southern Levant and western Arabia has revealed a diverse, heterogeneous linguistic makeup of Arabic in that period (Al-Jallad 2018).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Al-Jallad 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Thus, while the synchronic function of non-Tihama and Tihama DT phenomena are different, their shared distribution-occurring only on indefinite, unbound nouns-in my view strongly suggests a shared origin.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
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In the paper
“However, while I acknowledge throughout the often tenuous nature of the evidence available to us, we nevertheless have sufficient information on the syntactic distribution of DT in these dialects to merit its inclusion.”
- Also stated in: § 2.6. Tihama DT · boosted
“Since there is remarkable consistency across the dialects surveyed in, e.g., Behnstedt 2016, and the present study is a diachronic examination of its syntactic distribution, I see no reason to exclude it.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
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- Also stated in: § 2.6. Tihama DT · boosted
In the paper
“This same distribution was reported for central Iraqi fellāḥī in poetic texts recorded at the beginning of the twentieth century (Meissner 1903: xxvii, §39e).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Meissner 1903
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The pattern N-Vn + ADJ is the only use of DT that Federico Corriente lists for Andalusian Arabic, dating from the eleventh century (2013: §3.1.1.1.1):”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.1. N-Vn + ADJ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Corriente 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most cases, with no other attestations of DT in a given dialect, the most likely source of the forms with tanwīn is Modern Standard Arabic.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.4. Adverbial Uses of DT
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In the paper
“Again, given the overlap between the distribution of DT and tanwīn, and the lack of any otherwise attested alternative, the most probable origin of DT is tanwīn.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
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In the paper
“Our being able to plausibly connect the synchronic data exhibited in a widespread number of modern dialects with that of pre-and early Islamic dialectal data does not necessarily imply direct descent.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
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In the paper
“I argued against recent proposals that DT should be reconstructed as a separate linking morpheme, which is to my knowledge otherwise unattested among the Semitic languages.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
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In the paper
“It is, therefore, to be seen as a retention in ClAr, not an innovation.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
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In the paper
“To my mind, it remains the most likely scenario for the distribution of DT in the non-Tihama dialects as a marker of indefinite nouns followed by an attribute.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau (1981)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Tihama evidence suggests a merger of short vowels in this unstressed word-final position: *-un / -in / -an > V +High n.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
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In the paper
“It is unlikely, however, that mixing between dialects could have led to this situation, as no other dialects exhibit tanwīn in nonpause while possessing a vowel without tanwīn in pause.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
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In the paper
“Thus, the analogical pressure of the paradigm is likely responsible for the retention of word-final -n in many cases where otherwise it would have been lost.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A third major problem with the linking morpheme proposal is that it does not address examples of DT (that is, examples of -Vn), occurring in many of the same dialects, that do not serve to mark nouns followed by a qualifier.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“To get from that situation to the distribution that stands behind the modern dialects lacking DT is simply a matter of the (gradual) restriction of the accusative -ā to adverbs.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and (2) total neutralization of vowel contrast: in/ən/an > ən/in/an.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I suggest, then, that non-Tihama DT represents two trajectories of development:”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I further argued that the proposed linking morpheme fails to account for other functions of DT attested in the same dialects.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When this occurred, and regardless of the then-current status of the case vowel, the role of tanwīn would naturally have, synchronically, been to mark a noun followed by an attribute.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The most common breath-group is noun plus adjective, where the adjective can be nominal or clausal.
In the paper
“In proto-Semitic, nasalization apparently functioned to mark a noun as unbound, with two forms: -m after short vowels, -n after long vowels (Huehnergard 2004: §3.3.2.1).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huehnergard 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data attested in the dialects that lack DT but exhibit relics of adverbial -ā do match the pre-Islamic dialects attested in the Hijaz, specifically those that stand behind the QCT and Hijazi writing tradition(s).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“I hope to have shown that it is possible to account for the form and distribution of DT in all data, both non-Tihama and the dialects of the Tihama, via a set of attested and regular processes of change.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“My argument, therefore, is that the dialects that attest DT do not descend from ClAr because the latter was not a natural linguistic entity;”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Classical Arabic is an artificial collection of features from sources that early Islamic grammarians considered trustworthy.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To summarize, I have argued that the data from both Tihama and non-Tihama DT examples point toward a process by which etymological case vowels preceding tanwīn were neutralized, losing phonemic contrast, in this environment.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, two systems of pausal variants are attested in the ClAr corpora, muṭlaqa and muqayyada.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this article I have defended the traditional position concerning the origin of DT, namely, that it is derived from a case vowel + tanwīn.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau (1981)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Owens's observation (2006: 104) that the vowel in most non-Tihama dialects is that of the nonphonemic typical in each dialect is a crucial one”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Owens 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“I propose that these data suggest a situation in which short vowels in final closed, unstressed position merged, via different paths.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“since, again, case was common to the ancestor of all Arabic varieties.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we could derive most modern dialects that lack tanwīn and attest relics of adverbial *-ā (< *an), such as Levantine or Egyptian ahla wa-sahla”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those that possess DT outside of the Tihama could be subgrouped together based on the innovation of DT as a marker of nouns followed by a qualifier, which was a result of a specific pausal phenomenon.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I would argue, then, that dialects that attest DT continue an early distribution: nonpausal -Vn / pausal -Ø.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, tanwīn is almost completely unattested in the pre-Islamic dialects discovered heretofore.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even in cases where non-accusative -in and accusative -an merged to a non-phonemic vowel, adverbs marked by DT were lexicalized with DT.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elsewhere, DT was retained only when non-phrase final, leading to its contemporary distribution.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adverbial -a (< *-ā < *-an), attested in some DT-possessing dialects instead of expected adverbs with DT (e.g., Dōsiri hala”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, step (i) contributed to the breakdown of the tripartite case system.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most cases, the function of the accusative -an, when it remained distinct, was restricted to adverbs.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mismatch between the linguistic reality behind the QCT and Hijazi dialects and the varieties described in the Arab grammatical tradition led to writing ClAr -an with alif tanwīn.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Except for a few possible exceptions, the pre-Islamic Arabic varieties written in Safaitic, for example, do not attest tanwīn (Al-Jallad 2015: §4.6).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Al-Jallad 2015: §4.6 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Van Putten and Stokes (2018) showed that, with the exception of the phrase kaʾayy-in, the Arabic of the QCT is another variety in which tanwīn had been lost.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Van Putten and Stokes (2018)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, given the apparent antiquity of the distribution of DT, it is plausible that these dialects continue trajectories documented by the grammarians, such as loss of tanwīn and short vowels in pausal position.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while dialects without DT attest exactly what we would expect were a ClAr prose pausal situation to have also occurred in the ancestor of the modern dialects,”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
- It may state two separate claims as one. 59
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“both occur only on morphologically indefinite nouns, and in the Yemeni data DT, like etymological tanwīn, is often absent on diptotes (Blau 2006; van Putten 2017).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites van Putten 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In section 12, van Putten describes nūnation as occurring on indefinite nouns and identifies -in as an indefinite marker in Yemeni dialects. Our copy does not identify or discuss DT, so it does not establish that DT occurs only on morphologically indefinite nouns. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In dialects that possess DT, however, we find examples of adverbials suffixed with -Vn, some of which are not widely used in MSA.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.4. Adverbial Uses of DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which is strengthened even more by the fact that these examples are either unattested in MSA (e.g., baʿdan and lazman) or are ungrammatical in MSA (e.g., aqallatan and bil-ʿamdan).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.4. Adverbial Uses of DT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In Bahraini, for instance, DT is suffixed to the quantifier kill”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.5. Other Syntactic Functions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, as Behnstedt (2016: 66) acknowledges, the nature of the data collection does not allow a complete picture of the pausal distribution in many of these -un (or -u) dialects.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Behnstedt 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vowel is typically realized either as -i or -a, and regularly matches the nonphonemic epenthetic vowel quality typical of each dialect.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.7 Review of Distribution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This morphological distribution is unlike that attested in the non-Tihama dialects reviewed above, in which, as seen, DT occurs regularly on the feminine singular *-at and broken plural patterns, and even occasionally on the sound masculine plural.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“due to the dearth of detailed dialect descriptions, we are unable to elaborate on the synchronic discourse status of final -u, nor do we have a nuanced picture of what, if any, social factors affect its synchronic distribution.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pausal forms are noted in only a few dialects, perhaps as a result of elicitation techniques.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A well-documented example is in Bahraini Arabic, e.g., māy-in bārda”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The dialects of the Tihama, 7 located in SW Saudi Arabia and NW and western Yemen (on which, see Behnstedt 2016; T. Procházka 1988), attest DT, but often with a different distribution and different vowel than the dialects attested outside of the area.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In several dialects, DT is realized -an when suffixed to adverbs, but elsewhere as -in.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also unexplained in the traditional scenario is the Tihama dialects of Bal-Qarn and Banī ʿAbādil which, as we have seen, attest -in non-pausally but -u in pause.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a handful of dialects, DT occurs on nominal forms acting adverbially.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2. data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The attribute usually consists of an attributive adjective, but DT is also attested in a subset of these dialects when the noun is followed by a verbal or relative clause or a prepositional phrase.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.7 Review of Distribution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In these Tihama dialects, a final -u (or -ū), without -n, is attested, while in a smaller group of dialects in that same region -un is attested”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In Najdi varieties, DT is suffixed to these participles as long as the object is not expressed in a pronominal suffix (Ingham 1994: 49).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.5. Other Syntactic Functions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ingham 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have seen that the vowel quality associated with DT is normally i, less commonly a, and, in some Tihama dialects, u.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, as we saw in section two, DT occurs in Najdi dialects marking a participle functioning verbally that is not followed by a qualifier (see, e.g., nos.50-52), as well as a number of adverbs (see, e.g., nos.47-49).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It will be recalled that DT distribution in these dialects depends on the position of the noun in the phrase, with pausal forms realized -u and nonpausal forms -in (see Table 5).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar problem exists in, e.g., Bahrain, where we have seen that normally DT is realized -in, but in a few adverbials it is -an: may-in bārda”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dialects of the Tihama region are quite different than the non-Tihama ones, attesting two different distributions.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latter is found across the modern dialects, usually in a few frozen relics of adverbial accusative, e.g., ahla wa-sahla (< *ʾahlan wa-sahlan)”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Scholars of Arabic dialects have long noted the occurrence of a morpheme in a widespread number of dialects, realized -ən or -an, frequently suffixed to morphologically indefinite nouns, especially when followed by an adjective.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“DT refers to the morpheme, typically realized as in or an, that is suffixed to a morphologically indefinite noun, primarily when followed by some type of adnominal adjective or clause, e.g., bint-in zēna”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holes 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
In the paper
“However, I will argue that the prevalent reconstruction, laid out in detail by Blau (1981: 167-212), is incomplete and does not account for all available data in the most parsimonious and economic way.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“van Putten and Stokes (2018) argue that the orthography of the QCT (rasm) suggests that the so-called pausal forms typical of ClAr prose are in fact attested in all contexts of the Quran.That is, *un and *in are -Ø, *-an is -ā.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites van Putten and Stokes (2018)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Conversely, the accusative had apparently ceased to function in the variety behind the document, with accusative -a attested only in a few adverbials: γεδδα /ǧeddā/”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Al-Jallad 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A parallel, in which the genitive appears to have persisted longest when nonword-final, is to be found in the Psalm Fragment.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Al-Jallad 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasons for this, I will argue, have to do with the degree to which tanwīn was reanalyzed outside of the Tihama, which did not take place in most of the dialects of the Tihama.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
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In the paper
“More importantly, while his account is certainly possible for dialects without DT, it does not account for those that retain it.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
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In the paper
“In, e.g., the Sudanese example above (nos.19, 20), DT is -an, which is in line with the realization of other preformatives, afformatives, and epenthetic vowels in those dialects, such as the article al (not il or əl), as well as the fpl verbal suffixes -an (not -in) (Owens and Hassan 2009: 711-12).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Owens and Hassan 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“While the accusative does appear to have been retained longer in some of the dialects in the pre-Islamic period, such as those written in the Safaitic script, elsewhere the case system seems to have broken down basically simultaneously, as in dialects in the Nabataean realm.11”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it is certainly correct that a and i alternate in many dialects, given the tendency for the vowel to pattern with nonphonemic epenthetic vowels, no conclusions based solely on the realization of the vowel in these dialects can be considered decisive.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Clive Holes emphasizes the fact that his informants were uneducated and functionally illiterate, reducing the likelihood of a borrowing from MSA (2016: 134 n. 65)”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.4. Adverbial Uses of DT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holes 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Blau has further observed (2006: 29) that in many of Tihama dialects, DT is often absent on a number of nominal patterns that were diptotic in ClAr, including the comparative patterns *ʾaf ʿal and *faʿlay (also a color adjective pattern), and the *ān suffix.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.6. Tihama DT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, as Jonathan Owens (2006: 102 n. 24) has noted, the vowel in non-Tihama dialects typically corresponds to the nonphonemic vowels preferred in the particular dialect.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Owens 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no evidence from other Semitic languages for an inherited system of pausal variants of case.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike these examples, however, tanwīn is not obviously part of, or related to, other members of a paradigm-if lost, say, word-finally, there would be little paradigmatic pressure to restore them.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
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In the paper
“in non-Tihama dialects, tanwīn was lost in pause, with the loss of the short vowel as well;”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nasalization in Semitic, based on the South Arabian and ClAr, and partially by Akkadian (in which singular and feminine plurals are marked by final -m, but dual sound masculine plurals are not marked by -n), can be reconstructed originally with final -m suffixed on singulars and feminine plurals, and final -n on duals and plurals.15”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huehnergard 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Al-Jallad and van Putten 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the presence of etymological tanwīn, with essentially the same distribution, across a geographically and chronologically widespread number of Islamic-era dialects suggests at once a close historical relationship between them, on the one hand, while distancing them from attested pre-Islamic dialects, on the other.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Proto-Arabic thus innovated a generalization of the -n of duals and plurals to singular forms as well, whereas, e.g., Hebrew apparently generalized the singular -m to duals and plurals (Huehnergard 2004: §3.3.2.1; Al-Jallad and van Putten 2017).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huehnergard 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Al-Jallad and van Putten 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“based on comparative evidence from, e.g., Akkadian and Ancient South Arabian, we can safely reconstruct nasalization to proto-Semitic, and, based on ClAr, to proto-Arabic (Huehnergard 2017).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Huehnergard 2017 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The muṭlaqa pausal distribution is typical of qaṣīda poetry, whereas the muqayyada style is more common in other poetic traditions and prose.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The function of -Vn in these examples do have direct parallels in Arabic, as well as elsewhere in Semitic, and thus proponents of the linking morpheme must distinguish between -Vn when suffixed to a noun followed by a qualifier and -Vn when, e.g., marking an adverb.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, many of the dialects that spread with the Muslim conquests were presumably from outside of the Hijaz, and largely displaced the earlier Levantine and Mesopotamian dialects present in the pre-Islamic period.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rather, they retained features from proto-Arabic that were also retained in the ClAr tradition-a case vowel followed by tanwīn-and attest common pausal phenomena also attested in ClAr and the QCT.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(2) the two sets of data, Tihama and non-Tihama, represent developments from two different sets of pausal phenomena, one similar to ClAr prose muṭlaqa pause, the other to ClAr muqayyada poetic pause.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tanwīn is not attested in the pre-Islamic material from the Levant and the Hijaz.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In ClAr, 17 tanwīn was realized as -n following both short and long vowels, suffixed to most, but not all, nominal patterns when morphologically indefinite, following a case vowel.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As I have argued, the overlap between the distribution of etymological tanwīn and DT-only suffixed to indefinite nouns, absent on diptotes in some dialects-strongly suggests that the latter is derived from the former.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“(1) pace Blau, I argued that not all attestations of DT can, or should, be reconstructed to accusative *-an, but rather most of the data suggest rather a process of vowel merger, perhaps beginning with the high vowels;”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau (1981)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Based on its attestation in both main branches of Semitic, in virtually identical distribution, the triptotic case system attested in ClAr can be reconstructed to Proto-Arabic (and, based on Ugaritic evidence, to Proto-Central Semitic at least; see Blau 2006).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The nature of the process that resulted in the non-Tihama distribution of DT was first addressed by Blau (1981: 188 et passim), who argues that, at some point in time, tanwīn was lost in pausal position, at the end of what he calls a”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blau (1981: 188 et passim)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both systems, tanwīn occurs on all eligible unbound nouns in non-pausal position, but is absent in pausal position.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in the Tihama dialects, tanwīn was lost in pause, with possible lengthening of the vowel in pause;”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This process might have also occurred on word-final short case vowels as well, which could potentially have played a role in the breakdown of the case system.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have concurred with those who argue that case and tanwīn in Arabic represent retentions from their Semitic ancestor, and in my view are safely reconstructible to proto-Arabic.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methodologically, the fact that DT does not function in a particular way synchronically does not constitute an argument against it ever having functioned thus, so long as a plausible explanation for the differences between the two is forthcoming.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Such a morpheme as DT, with anything like its synchronic distribution, is unattested in other Semitic languages.13”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the loss of tanwīn originally suffixed to, e.g., makān”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most dialects in which DT does not occur, and in which the adverbial -a is retained in lexicalized forms, are reminiscent of old Hijazi developments (exemplified in the QCT), in which final -un / -in were lost everywhere, and final -an was simply -a (perhaps originally -ā).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These dialects lacked final short vowels, as well as tanwīn; however, *-an had shifted to -ā in all contexts.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites van Putten and Stokes 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With both of these having been elicited from older, functionally illiterate speakers, and otherwise unattested in contemporary MSA, it strongly speaks against any type of ClAr borrowing.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tanwīn is also not attested in Nabataean Arabic, or in the varieties written in the Ḥismaic script (Al-Jallad 2018: §3.2).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Al-Jallad 2018: §3.2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other dialects continue the Hijazi continuum, in which nasalization and final short vowels were lost but final *-an shifted to -a (or *-ā > -a).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since, however, *i and *u merge elsewhere in Najdi dialects, it is more likely that the current distribution is attributable to either a labialization of *h under influence of the high back u, i.e., *h > *hʷ, or perhaps an emphato-labialization of *m, i.e., *m > ṃʷ, followed subsequently by delabialization.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Singular suffixes, with the synchronic shape -vC(v) are less immediately relevant because historically they were probably still -vCv(:) when this merger occurred, and thus not truly word-final.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.1. DT Vowel Quality
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ClAr poetic pausal distribution is characterized by the absence of nasalization, with subsequent lengthening of the final vowel.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An interesting and, as far as I can tell, unique situation obtains in many Najdi dialects, where the feminine plural verbal suffix is typically in, but is an on verbs in certain verbal stems, such as V and VI, as well as internal passives(Ingham 1982: 82).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ingham 1982: 82
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, once phonetic developments eliminated DT in pausal contexts and its role was largely relegated to marking a noun followed by a qualifier, some speakers began attaching DT to previously ineligible noun patterns.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This can be accounted for by positing the following: (i) Nonpausal *-un/*in/*an > -in/un (ii) Pausal *-vn > v: +high”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the features discussed here, namely, nominal case, tanwīn, and pausal phenomena, are either well attested (i.e., case and tanwīn) by cross-Semitic and Arabic internal data, and thus safely re-constructible to proto-Arabic, or well-documented phonetic developments (i.e., pausal phenomena).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, as van Putten and Stokes (ibid.: 171-72) argued, this mismatch led to a so-called prose pause distribution for varieties in the ClAr tradition, in which final *-u/in were lost, but *-an > -ā.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4.2. Pause and the Syntax of DT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites van Putten and Stokes (ibid.: 171-72)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
In Classical Arabic, indefinite nouns ending in nominative -un and genitive -in have pausal allomorphs ending in Ø.
“In ClAr, indefinite nouns ending in nominative -un and genitive -in have pausal allomorphs that end in Ø:”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Classical Arabic, the accusative singular -an loses tanwīn and lengthens a to ā in pausal form.
“The accusative singular an, however, loses tanwīn and the a vowel is lengthened to ā: nonpausal pausal bayt=an bayt=ā”
The paper relies on this without support.
Etymological tanwīn and case vowels existed in earlier Arabic.
“I will argue that the current distribution of DT in both non-Tihama and Tihama dialects is perfectly compatible with a derivation from etymological tanwīn.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The modern Arabic dialect data used are sufficiently reliable and representative to support historical reconstruction of DT.
“I propose that these data suggest a situation in which short vowels in final closed, unstressed position merged, via different paths.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The QCT rasm orthography can be used to infer phonological case endings.
“van Putten and Stokes (2018) argue that the orthography of the QCT (rasm) suggests that the so-called pausal forms typical of ClAr prose are in fact attested in all contexts of the Quran.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Psalm Fragment is a reliable witness to a dialect in which the genitive persisted nonword-final.
“A parallel, in which the genitive appears to have persisted longest when nonword-final, is to be found in the Psalm Fragment.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Parsimony is a valid criterion for choosing between historical explanations.
“I would submit, finally, that it is more parsimonious to derive attested morphemes from other known morphemes if possible, rather than introducing an otherwise unknown one.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Classical Arabic is an artificial collection of features from sources that early Islamic grammarians considered trustworthy.
“Indeed, as is well known, ClAr itself is an artificial collection of features, treated together because they come from sources that early Islamic grammarians considered trustworthy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most common breath-group is noun plus adjective, where the adjective can be nominal or clausal.
“The most common breath-group is N + ADJ, where ADJ can be a nominal or clausal attribute.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The dialect data used in the analysis are sufficiently representative and accurately transcribed to support historical reconstruction.
“Discussion of the quality of vowels in the dialects is complicated by the fact that dialectologists often transcribe a particular vowel phonemically and with reference to the ClAr triad of vowels, transliterated u, i, and a.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 5. iMpliCations and ConClusion
“(2) the two sets of data, Tihama and non-Tihama, represent developments from two different sets of pausal phenomena, one similar to ClAr prose muṭlaqa pause, the other to ClAr muqayyada poetic pause.”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 4. reConstruCtion froM proto-arabiC tanwīn
“The muṭlaqa pausal distribution is typical of qaṣīda poetry, whereas the muqayyada style is more common in other poetic traditions and prose.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.1. N-Vn + ADJ
“A few SW Saudi dialects, most notably that of Rijāl Almaʾ, pattern with SE Najdi dialects (see ex. 21 above), and attach the DT to the following attributive adjective as well (Asiri 2008: 72):”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.1. N-Vn + ADJ
“(21) šarēt sayyārat=in yadīdeh buy.PERF.1cscar=DT new "I have bought a new car"”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 3. previous sCholarship
“as well as a number of adverbs (see, e.g., nos.47-49).”
§ A Fresh Analysis of the Origin and Diachronic Development of "Dialectal Tanwīn" in Arabic > 2.5. Other Syntactic Functions
“In Bahraini, for instance, DT is suffixed to the quantifier kill "each, every; all" as well as a few other distributive expressions (examples from Holes 2011; 2016: 132-33):”
Citations
Cites
A Linguistic History of Arabic
Owens, J. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290826.001.0001 · Cited by 240
Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte
Behnstedt, P., Fischer, W., & Jastrow, O. (1980) · Cited by 238
A reference grammar of Syrian Arabic : based on the dialect of Damascus
Cowell, M. (1964) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 180
A short reference grammar of Iraqi Arabic
Erwin, W. M. (1963) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 179
An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions
Al-Jallad, A. (2015) · doi:10.1163/9789004289826 · Cited by 156
Community, dialect and urbanization in the Arabic-speaking Middle East
Holes, C. D. (1995) · Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies · doi:10.1017/s0041977x00010764 · Cited by 113
(1982) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 104
Odden, D. A. (1996) · Language · doi:10.2307/416687 · Cited by 92
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia
Holes, C. D. (2000) · Cited by 64
Dialect Atlas of North Yemen and Adjacent Areas
Behnstedt, P., & Goldbloom, G. (2016) · doi:10.1163/9789004326422 · Cited by 53
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- ---. 2020. The Damascus Psalm Fragment: Middle Arabic and the Legacy of Old Ḥigāzī. LAMINE, vol. 2. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, Univ. of Chicago.
- Asiri, Y. 2008. Relative Clauses in the Dialect of Rijal Almaʿ (South-West Saudi Arabia). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 38: 71-74.
- ---. 2006. Problems of Noun Inflection in Arabic: Reflections on the Diptote Declension. In Bib- lical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting: Typological and Historical Perspectives, ed. S. E. Fassberg and A. Hurvitz. Pp. 27-32. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
- ---, ed. 2018a. Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
- ---. 2018b. Arabic Dialects of the Gulf: Aspects of Their Historical and Sociolinguistic Develop- ment. In Holes 2018a. Pp. 112-47.
- Huehnergard, J. 2004. Afro-Asiatic. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Lan- guages, ed. R. Woodard. Pp. 138-59. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Retsö, J. 1994. ʾIʿrāb in the Forebears of Modern Arabic Dialects. In Actes des premières journées internationales de dialectologie arabe de Paris, ed. D. Caubet and M. Vanhove. Pp. 333-42. Paris: INALCO.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nominal Case in Christian Arabic Translations of the Gospels (9th-15th Centuries CE)
Stokes, P. W. (2023) · Arabica · doi:10.1163/15700585-20231668 · Cited by 6
Self-citationDefiniteness Systems and Dialect Classification
Turner, M. (2021) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages6030128 · Cited by 4
What can Nabataean Aramaic tell us about Pre‐Islamic Arabic?
Suchard, B. D. (2023) · Arabian archaeology and epigraphy · doi:10.1111/aae.12234 · Cited by 2
A Historical Reconstruction of Some Pronominal Suffixes in Modern Dialectal Arabic
Stokes, P. W. (2021) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages6030147
Self-citationCase inflection in the early Arabic papyri (643–750 CE)
Kootstra, F. (2025) · Helsinki University Press eBooks · doi:10.33134/hup-34-6
Metadata
- Authors
- Stokes, P. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stokes, Philip W.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Publisher
- American Oriental Society
- Published
- 2021-09-19
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0003-0279 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-2289
- OpenAlex
- W3088901489
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 4.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Oriental Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Historical Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Keywords
- Arabic dialects, suffix -an, diachronic development, etymology, Classical Arabic
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