The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 3 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 58 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Ibn Ḥanbal’s Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History
Open accessAbstract
This article documents the main developments in the textual history of a short polemical treatise ascribed to Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241/855), al-Radd 'alā al-zanādiqa wa-l-jahmiyya. In particular, I show that three different, if related, recensions of the text exist in manuscript. Then, drawing on evidence from the text and biobibliographical sources, I show that al-Radd only emerged over several centuries. The idea for the text finds its roots in the earlist elaborations of Hanbali theology, perhaps even in the notebooks of Ibn Ḥanbal himself. The first recension of the text, however, only emerged after the mid-fourth/tenth century in Baghdad. Another recension appears at the beginning of the sixth/twelfth century, perhaps also in Baghdad. These recensions were combined to form a third recension no later than the eighth/fourteenth century, and it is the third recension that became the basis for most print editions of the work.
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64 Own interpretation · 50 Sources not found · 33 Own result · 30 No basis given · 16 Not checked yet · 6 Own method
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“three years later Muḥammad Shaqfa produced an edition of the text based on a single manuscript in the Ẓāhiriyya library in Damascus that also excluded the RefZan.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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“it is cited in Ibn al-Qayyim's Ḥādī al-arwāḥ ilā bilād al-afrāḥ, an autograph manuscript in Mosul written in 745/1344f .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
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“In this passage he quotes the entire introduction of al-Radd followed immediately by the first part of the RefZan, which discusses Quran 4:56.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
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“In all of the manuscripts of Recension 1, the title pages (where they exist) include something quite close to the title of the work as we know it in print editions: al-Radd ʿalā al-zanādiqa wa-l-jahmiyya.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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“Ibn Taymiyya's younger contemporary and student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d .751/1350) also cites al-Radd in more than one of his works .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
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“Some editions are lacking one of these elements .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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“This section title, moreover, is the same as the first sentence of Recension 2”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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“All manuscripts of Recension 1 include Riwāya X.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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“it is the third recension that became the basis for most print editions of the work .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
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“Recension 3, finally, joins all three elements together.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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“Additionally, some of the manuscripts include one of two statements about the transmission of the text (riwāya) .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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In the paper
“This combination of the introduction and the beginning of the RefZan is known only from Recension 3 witnesses to the text .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
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“In Recension 1, however, the introduction is organically linked with the RefJahm .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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“Most telling is that all copies of Recension 1 predate all copies of Recension 3 .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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In the paper
“Indeed, the Jahmiyya are described precisely in these terms in other early Hanbali theological texts.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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“It is in one of these broader senses that the term is used-only once, in the RefJahm-when Ibn Ḥanbal describes an argument made by Jahm as”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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“In 1961 Morris Seale published a translation of the text based on a single manuscript in the British Library that excludes the Ref-Zan”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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In the paper
“The print editions, with one exception, are based on a recension of the text not attested by any manuscript witnesses predating the thirteenth/nineteenth century .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
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In the paper
“I show that three different, if related, recensions of the text exist in manuscript .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
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In the paper
“Ibn Taymiyya, the dissident Hanbali theologian, cited the work often: nearly one hundred citations across a dozen works have been found .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
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In the paper
“Recension 2 manuscripts have no riwāya .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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In the paper
“But Ibn Ḥanbal identifies three separate meanings for jaʿala as it appears in the Quran-one is simply to name something (ʿalā maʿnā al-tasmiya), the other two are actions (fiʿl min afʿāl) either meaning”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.1. Quranic Arguments in the "Family" Biographies
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“Moreover, the report recorded by Ibn Abī Yaʿlā about the transmission of Ibn Ḥanbal's texts to ʿAbd Allāh does not mention al-Radd among the things he heard .89”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
What the sources say
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“Instead, Ibn Ḥanbal ends up accusing one of the caliph's agents of disbelief (kufr) for asserting that God's knowledge is created.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.1. Quranic Arguments in the "Family" Biographies
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“The first is a brief reference to it appearing in Baghdadi Hanbali works of uṣūl alfiqh, e.g., Abū al-Wafāʾ Ibn ʿAqīl (d.513/1119) in his al-Wāḍiḥ fī uṣūl al-fiqh .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
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In the paper
“Among verses adduced in the RefJahm, al-Radd includes only eighteen percent (35/197) of ʿAbd Allah's list .109”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Both contain lists of verses from the Quran purportedly made by Ibn Ḥanbal to refute the claims of the Jahmiyya about the nature of the Quran .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
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In the paper
“Most tellingly, the literal contents of the lists and al-Radd are quite different .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
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In the paper
“There are two versions of the lists transmitted by three authorities .88”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
What the sources say
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“In addition to the apparent similarities in phrasing, it is worth noting that Riwāya X and Y only mention al-Khaḍir as playing any part in the text's transmission, omitting all mention of Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī.95”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Second, al-Salmāsī is already explicitly linked with the transmission of some form of al-Radd: he is named in Riwāya Y, the one given in the two Kuwaiti witnesses to Recension 3.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
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“In six other instances, the charge raised by the Zanādiqa is that the cited verses cannot be considered among those verses regarded as”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
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“Thus, Ibn ʿAsākir mentions his having heard teachers in Azerbaijan (specifically in Khuy and Marand) and in Mosul.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
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In the paper
“What is more, the family biography argument is precisely the sort made in al-Radd, when Ibn Ḥanbal says that the Jahmiyya has no proof text from either the Quran or the Sunna of Muḥammad to support its argument that the Quran is created.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.1. Quranic Arguments in the "Family" Biographies
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In the paper
“Yet in the RefZan, the Zanādiqa are portrayed as making positive theological claims about the Quran-namely, that it contradicts itself.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
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In the paper
“At any rate, it is clear that the RefZan was known in Baghdad in the first part of the sixth/twelfth century; Recension 2 must have been born nearby.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
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In the paper
“al-Khallāl's list includes nearly ninety percent (177/197) of the verses in ʿAbd Allāh's list.105”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
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In the paper
“the shared verses represent only about sixty-three percent (177/283) of al-Khallāl's entire list.106”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [106]
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In the paper
“In the eighth point of dispute, the problem raised by the Zanādiqa with a group of verses is that they are not muḥkam, which is then explained as meaning that the verses contradict one another .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
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In the paper
“Although al-Radd shares seven additional verses with al-Khallāl's list, it includes even less of his overall list at fifteen percent (42/283) of the total.110”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [110]
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In the paper
“There is a relatively stable terminus ante quem since verbatim quotations of lengthy passages from al-Radd, although not from the RefZan, are found in fifth/eleventh-century Hanbali theological works; 73”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4. recenSion 1 and the originS of the refjahm
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
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In the paper
“In the RefZan, all twenty-two claims made by the Zanādiqa depend on pointing out contradictions among groups of verses from the Quran.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
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In the paper
“The third is mentioned by al-Nashshār and al-Ṭālibī, but the text they refer to is a Radd ʿalā al-jahmiyya by a later Hanbali scholar of Iṣfahān, Ibn Manda (d.395/1005).143”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [143]
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In the paper
“What is perhaps most striking, however, is what is not revealed by this history, namely, there is little direct evidence of who edited or expanded the text, leaving an inscrutable silence about what drove the text's growth and reception .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
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In the paper
“Recall that ʿAbd Allāh, al-Marrūdhī, and al-Khaḍir (the latter two apud al-Khallāl) all said that the lists were found in notebooks written in Aḥmad's own hand, and later scholars such as Ibn al-Qayyim adduced this claim as one piece of evidence for the text's authenticity .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
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In the paper
“For instance, Ibn Baṭṭa (d.387/977), a student of Ghulām al-Khallāl, included a long section called al-Radd ʿalā al-jahmiyya in his al-Ibāna al-kubrā, a summa of traditionalist theological opinions .125”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [125]
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In the paper
“Passages from al-Radd that match the manuscripts and modern editions begin to appear around 432/1040f. in the works of the qadi Abū Yaʿla Ibn al-Farrāʾ, a prominent Baghdadi Hanbali .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
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In the paper
“Table 3 . Ibn Taymiyya Cites al-Radd”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
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In the paper
“Ibn al-Farrāʾ calls the text by several names, once most notably as al-Radd ʿalā al-zanādiqa wa-l-jahmiyya, the closest I have seen to the title usually ascribed the work .121”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [121]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Second, I attempted to reconstruct the history of the text, identifying the emergence of the two earlier recensions (first Recension 1, then Recension 2) that served as the basis for Recension 3 .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
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In the paper
“Recension 1 (which includes an introduction and the Ref-Jahm) left more of a mark .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
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In the paper
“indicated that it is really only the idea that the lists and the text share, rather than particular arguments .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
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In the paper
“The case is not aided by the fact that the third transmitter, al-Khaḍir, is unknown save from al-Khallāl's mention of his transmitting the list and Ibn Abī Yaʿlā's mention of his transmitting al-Radd .115”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [115]
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In the paper
“As with the link between the introduction and the contents of the work, the connection seems most”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this light, it seems more likely that the reference to the”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At any rate, it is clear that Recension 3 was circulating in Damascus (where both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Qayyim lived) sometime between the death of Ibn Taymiyya in 728/1328 and that of Ibn al-Qayyim in 751/1350 .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
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In the paper
“This in turn suggests that Recension 3 circulated in the first half of the eighth/fourteenth century in Damascus, perhaps between 728/1328 and 745/1344f .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This discrepancy points already to what is revealed fully in the manuscript tradition, namely, that there are different versions of al-Radd .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
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In the paper
“Alone, any of these pieces of evidence might not be decisive, but the combination of the three-the patterns of manuscript survival, the link between introduction and contents, and the likely parallelism in the title of Recension 1 (and by extension, Recension 3)-strongly suggests that Recension 1 predates the other two.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
boostedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The surviving manuscript witnesses and their relative copy dates are representative enough to infer the probable order in which the recensions emerged.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the opening line in Recension 2, the inaugurating comment of its purported author, is converted into a paratextual section head in Recension 3.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the way the RefZan fits into Recension 3 makes it appear to be an interpolation.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“I argue that the earliest recension (which I call”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
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In the paper
“Because the manuscripts all postdate the life of the purported author, the general pattern suggested by the manuscripts' relative dating is far from secure .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The third piece of evidence for the precedence of Recension 1 is that the titles given in the various manuscripts attest to the RefZan being added later to Recension 1 .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“it is not difficult to imagine a copyist inserting the RefZan into Recension 1 by converting its first sentence into a section head, replacing”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“I show that al-Radd only emerged over several centuries.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This organic link depends on a logic of specification, which is preserved only in Recension 1.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the third recension (”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These recensions were combined to form a third recension no later than the eighth/fourteenth century”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A reexamination of where and when it was quoted provides more specific evidence for the provenance of Recension 3, which seems to have emerged around the middle of the eighth/fourteenth century .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One passage suggests decisively that Ibn al-Qayyim had access to Recension 3 .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
hedgedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first recension of the text, however, only emerged after the mid-fourth/tenth century in Baghdad .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The third option-that Recension 1 is the original and that the other two are later modifications-seems most probable for several reasons.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The surviving manuscript witnesses and their relative copy dates are representative enough to infer the probable order in which the recensions emerged.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the manuscript data alone are insufficient to determine the historical origins of the various recensions .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“What we may conclude from the appearance of these kinds of arguments in the early family biographies of Ibn Ḥanbal is that the idea of al-Radd, if not its precise form, goes right back to the commemoration of Ibn Ḥanbal's life by the first generation of his followers.82”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.1. Quranic Arguments in the "Family" Biographies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ibn ʿAsākir mentions that al-Salmāsī”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“So far I have argued that the RefZan must represent a secondary development in the history of the text”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There are two pieces of evidence linking the RefZan to the first half of the sixth/twelth century.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In particular, I think it is clear that al-Radd as a text is only loosely related to the lists transmitted by ʿAbd Allāh and al-Khallāl.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The seeds of quranic argumentation planted in the family biographies sprouted in two early Hanbali doctrinal works, both called al-Sunna .83 One was by Ibn Ḥanbal's son ʿAbd Allāh, best known as the primary transmitter and shaper of his Musnad, 84 and the other was by Abū Bakr al-Khallāl, best known as the great collector of the various strands of Ibn Ḥanbal's thought (most famously in al-Jāmiʿ l”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“There is one specific reason to suspect that Riwāya Y pertains only to Recension 1-namely, al-Salmāsī's source, Ibn Abī Yaʿlā, quotes passages from the RefJahm in his biographical compendium of Hanbalis but never mentions the RefZan or anything like it .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: An author's extant citations are a reliable guide to which recensions or parts of al-Radd that author knew.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the title he gives for the Zanādiqa-related work is specific.That is, unlike the manuscript titles, which speak only of general errors regarding the ambiguous verses of the Quran, this title refers particularly to claims that the Quran contradicts itself .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the lists provide further attestation that the earliest Hanbalis were engaged in Radd-like argumentation, they also suggest that Recension 1 must have emerged sometime after ʿAbd Allāh and al-Khallāl wrote .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Described thus, the lists sound a lot like al-Radd in a prototypical form, but analysis reveals that the lists of verses are ultimately so different from al-Radd that they cannot have been direct sources for any of the historical recensions .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither of these claims, however, really explains how the verses cited in the lists dem-”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“already Ibn al-Nadīm (d.380/990) ascribes to Ibn Ḥanbal a text entitled al-Radd ʿalā al-jahmiyya .72”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4. recenSion 1 and the originS of the refjahm
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, there is some evidence to suggest that the thinking behind al-Radd arose in Ibn Ḥanbal's time or soon after.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4. recenSion 1 and the originS of the refjahm
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At any rate, it is clear that the RefZan was known in Baghdad in the first part of the sixth/twelfth century; Recension 2 must have been born nearby.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, we cannot be sure exactly where al-Salmāsī got the text or from whom.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely, however, that contradiction is still meant in these six instances .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If it might be argued that the”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is a great deal more evidence for the origins of Recension 1, and it seems to have emerged relatively early: already Ibn al-Nadīm (d.380/990) ascribes to Ibn Ḥanbal a text entitled al-Radd ʿalā al-jahmiyya .72”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4. recenSion 1 and the originS of the refjahm
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Barring the discovery of other references, the precise form and content of the RefJahm must postdate the life of ʿAbd Allāh and at least the writing career of al-Khallāl-i.e., a terminus post quem of ca.300/912f .116”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [116]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If the text emerged after ʿAbd Allāh's death, al-Khallāl might have known it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alas, one searches in vain for earlier quotations from al-Radd, but there is some reason to suggest that Ibn al-Farrāʾ may indeed be the first of the prominent Hanbalis to quote from it.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, it indicates that Ibn Ḥanbal probably did not write al-Radd; he certainly could not have had a hand in the modifications it underwent in the five centuries following his death.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If all the assumptions suggested above are sound, the RefJahm and/or Recension 1 must have emerged between 347 and 377/958 and 987 .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Ibn Baṭṭa may have written al-Ibāna before the RefJahm or Recension 1, around 340–350.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Ibn al-Nadīm heard about the RefJahm or Recension 1 within the next few decades.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Ibn Baṭṭa lived in ʿUkbarā for the last forty years of his life and may have ceased learning new texts.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Ibn Baṭṭa retired to ʿUkbarā around the time Ibn al-Nadīm arrived in Baghdad.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the interpretation of these lists as the earliest versions of al-Radd must be substantially qualified.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The context for the list provided by al-Khallāl's comment in his Sunna suggests that arguments based on the lists were directed particularly at the Jahmiyya's assertion of a created Quran .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using traditionalist understandings of quranic proof texts to make theological arguments against the Jahmiyya seems to go back to the very earliest period of Hanbali thought, perhaps even to Ibn Ḥanbal himself, in the form of lists of quranic verses recorded by his son ʿAbd Allāh and by one of his major intellectual descendants, Abū Bakr al-Khallāl.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we can state with some confidence that materials from Recension 1 were circulating in Baghdadi Hanbali circles in the fifth/eleventh century: Ibn Abī Yaʿlā's father, the qadi Abū Yaʿlā Ibn al-Farrāʾ, quotes passages from al-Radd in his Ibṭāl al-taʾwīlāt li-akhbār al-ṣifāt”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
hedgedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that Ibn Baṭṭa is himself absent from al-Fihrist also seems to attest to their not having crossed paths .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, it indicates that Ibn Ḥanbal probably did not write al-Radd; he certainly could not have had a hand in the modifications it underwent in the five centuries following his death.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ultimately, al-Radd is probably best understood as a work of “corporate authorship” by the Hanbali madhhab across time .138”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [138]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the least, the lists by themselves cannot be taken as evidence of al-Radd's transmission, in whole or in part, directly from Ibn Ḥanbal.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Checking the biographical details of another prominent Hanbali theologian just before that time who ought to have known al-Radd (Ibn Baṭṭa) against the biographical details of the Baghdadi bookman who did know al-Radd (Ibn al-Nadīm) argued for the RefJahm to have emerged sometime in the third quarter of the fourth/tenth century .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Ibn Baṭṭa may have written al-Ibāna before the RefJahm or Recension 1, around 340–350.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Ibn al-Nadīm heard about the RefJahm or Recension 1 within the next few decades.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Ibn Baṭṭa lived in ʿUkbarā for the last forty years of his life and may have ceased learning new texts.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Ibn Baṭṭa retired to ʿUkbarā around the time Ibn al-Nadīm arrived in Baghdad.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 71
- Probably not a substantial claim. 40
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Recension 3 manuscripts are mixed: Leiden MS Or. 6275 has Riwāya X; the two late Kuwaiti manuscripts of Recension 3 include Riwāya Y; and the rest have no riwāya .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Abū Bakr al-Khallāl's (d.311/923) creedal collection al-Sunna includes one report in which an authority judges the Jahmiyya to be Zanādiqa; in another report, Ibn Ḥanbal declares that Jahmī thought is zandaqa .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recension 1 appears in the earliest surviving manuscripts and is the same version published by Seale and Shaqfa-as said, it includes only the introduction and the RefJahm.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He cites the RefZan in just one place, however, quoting an oft-cited passage in which Ibn Ḥanbal seems to allude to figurative speech in the Quran”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These titles stem from the incipits of the text .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The phrase that Ibn Taymiyya quotes (hādhā min majāz al-qurʾān) is not what is found in the text, however-al-Radd itself has,”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most print editions of Ibn Ḥanbal's al-Radd contain three parts”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Recension 3, however, the logic of the passage is broken: the introduction transitions rather abruptly to the RefZan, marked only by a section title”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In each case they begin with ʿAbd Allāh b.Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal narrating,”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“al-Radd remained a source of some significance for centuries after Ibn Ḥanbal's lifetime, and there is already an accessible (and abundant) archive of quotations from it found in later works of Hanbali theology .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recension 2, of which there are two witnesses, omits the introduction, including only the RefZan and the RefJahm .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The four earliest links in each transmission agree, but they then split off after the mid-fourth/tenth century.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the earliest three manuscripts are all of Recension 1, and a fourth witness to Recension 1 is roughly contemporary to the earliest securely dated copy of Recension 2, which is dated 906/1500f .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The second version is that by al-Khallāl, who seems to have compiled it from two slightly earlier versions: one he transmits from Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī (d.275/888), 90 one of Ibn Ḥanbal's companions, and the other stems ultimately from ʿAbd Allāh, transmitted to al-Khallāl by a little known early Hanbali named al-Khaḍir b.Aḥmad b. al-Muthannā.91”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Al-Radd, however, includes relatively few of the verses from the lists, 108 and a large majority cited does not appear in either of the earlier lists .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [108]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Enlightening in this regard is Ibn ʿAsākir's comment that al-Salmāsī followed al-Shāfiʿī in particular positions (furūʿ) but Ibn Ḥanbal in theological principles (uṣūl) .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ʿAbd Allāh's list (197 verses + 18 repetitions 104 ) is relatively close to al-Khallāl's lists (283 verses + twelve repetitions) overall”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [104]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al-Salmāsī was far from being a Baghdadi Hanbali, and he is imbricated in multiple networks of tranmission .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The same reference was made by Abū al-Khaṭṭāb al-Kalwadhānī (d.510/1116) in his work on uṣūl al-fiqh, although he quotes only the opinion and not the text itself .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Al-Samʿānī (d.562/1166) notes that Ibn al-Shahrazūrī's father, al-Qāsim, studied with one of the figures in Riwāya Y, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. ʿAlī al-Azajī (d .444/1052) .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the cousin's account, the same scene is given, but Ibn Ḥanbal makes no such argument then; Ibn Ḥanbal does adduce an argument about the semantics of the verb jaʿala later, but in a different debate with a different caliphal representative .79”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.1. Quranic Arguments in the "Family" Biographies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Discussing the possiblity that there might be”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is particularly true given that, like Ibn Taymiyya, their quotation of Aḥmad differs from the text of al-Radd itself: Ibn ʿAqīl says,”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One common theme in these passages is the issue of social interaction with holders of problematic views: is it permissible to greet them in the street or to pray alongside them?”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ibn Ḥanbal and likeminded contemporaries tended to recommend avoiding such people altogether .87”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first version is that given directly by ʿAbd Allāh.He says little, however, about how these verses were used in argumentation.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ibn ʿAsākir, who apparently met al-Salmāsī, reports that al-Salmāsī's father took him to hear teachers (shuyūkh) in Baghdad as a boy; Riwāya Y indicates that he heard the text from Ibn Abī Yaʿlā in the Bāb al-Marātib neighborhood of east Baghdad during Rabīʿ II 504 (October-November 1110), i.e., when al-Salmāsī was some thirty years old .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There he mentions that Ibn Ḥanbal wrote both Kitāb al-Radd ʿalā al-jahmiyya and al-Radd ʿalā al-zanādiqa fī daʿwāhum al-tanāquḍ ʿalā al-qurʾān .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In general, both al-Sunna works consist of reports about the opinions of Ibn Ḥanbal and his peers on what they consider to be the various problematic lines of thinking in early Islamic theology (the Muʿtazila, the Murjiʾa, the Khawārij, and so on).86”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lists are embedded in this otherwise broad section on dealing with the Jahmiyya .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.2. The Lists of ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the titles of Recension 1, the term was used as another name for the Jahmiyya.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both Ibn Ḥanbal's son ʿAbd Allāh (d.290/903) and Abū Bakr al-Khallāl quote lists of quranic verses that Ibn Ḥanbal”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4. recenSion 1 and the originS of the refjahm
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The claim of contradiction is made specifically in thirteen instances .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As the editor notes, however, both passages are ascribed to al-Radd ʿalā al-jahmiyya of ʿAbd Allāh b.Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal, and both passages are actually found in his Sunna .Neither appears in al-Radd .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“and Ibn Baṭṭa often cites from reports of Ibn Ḥanbal's opinion, 127 occasionally credits the formulation of ideas of refuting the Jahmiyya directly to Ibn Ḥanbal, 128 and even provides a list of Quran verses that can be used to argue against the Jahmiyya, 129 but he does not reference Ibn Ḥanbal as the author of al-Radd.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [127]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [128]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [129]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Ibn Abī Yaʿlā provides a terminus ante quem for its completion by reporting that in the year 432/1040f .,”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [123]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al-Radd, however, refutes Jahmī positions on a number of issues, of which the Quran's (un)createdness is one .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first is referenced by ʿUmayra in his edition .In the introduction he notes that it was kept at the old library at Maydān Dikhna in Riyadh, but this library has been closed for some time .141”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [141]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As noted at the beginning of the article, al-Dhahabī doubted the work's authenticity, but few others seem to have commented directly on it .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And not everyone who transmitted the text was a Hanbali-al-Salmāsī was a liminal figure between the Shafiʿi and Hanbali schools.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ibn Abī Yaʿlā's father, the qadi Abū Yaʿlā Ibn al-Farrāʾ, quotes passages from al-Radd in his Ibṭāl al-taʾwīlāt li-akhbār al-ṣifāt, a creedal work written in response to a work correcting anthropomorphist hadith by the Shafiʿi-Ashʿari Abū Bakr Ibn Fūrak al-Iṣfahānī (d .406/1015f .), and in his al-ʿUdda fī uṣūl al-fiqh .120”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [120]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the lists offer nothing in the way of evidence for the RefZan's existence at this point: they mention neither the Zanādiqa nor the”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“His method in al-Ibāna is close to that of al-Radd-refutations of problematic Jahmī ideas are offered alongside quranic proof texts, and the work is dialectical in its approach 126”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The second is mentioned by Sezgin, but he gives no specific catalogue source; checking his other sources for Bengali collections did not turn up a manuscript of al-Radd .142”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [142]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, al-Radd is a dialectical text, giving both an opponent's claim and a refutation of that claim; its refutations are clinched (rhetorically, anyway) by producing a more”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, with reference to manuscript witnesses, I showed that the version of al-Radd that has most often been printed represented a recension (Recension 3) that is not attested until the eighth/fourteenth century in Damascus and exists only in thirteenth/nineteenth-century manuscripts .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ibn Abī Yaʿlā reports that Ibn Baṭṭa himself said he was born in early Shawwāl 304 (April 917); it is generally agreed that he died in Muḥarram 387 (January 997).131”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Part of the problem is the already identified ambiguity-the lists give nothing more than fragments 111 of quranic verses, organized by sura, and neither ʿAbd Allāh nor al-Khallāl gives us any concrete examples of how Ibn Ḥanbal (or anyone else) argued with these verses .112”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [111]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [112]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The later manuscripts are missing from Sezgin's tally; al-ʿAjmī overlooked both the oldest manuscript (Zaytūna 10192) and a witness to the second recension (Ṭalʿat Tafsīr 326).”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is unclear to me at this point what became of this manuscript .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Additional information
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Most of the quotations are verbatim or very nearly so, but they only come from the RefJahm .122”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [122]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, I have encountered three manuscripts of uncertain or mistaken identification.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is also reported that Ibn Baṭṭa traveled widely in search of knowledge before retiring to a life of pious seclusion for forty years, presumably in his native village of ʿUkbarā (where most students were said to have studied with him, though he also taught some in Baghdad) .133”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [133]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“as Melhem Chokr has pointed out, zandaqa in many cases referred to a”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Melhem Chokr
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that the manuscripts of Recension 3 usually include the same incipit as Recension 1, in light of the above, can then be interpreted as indicating their ultimate dependence on Recension 1 .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If, however, the manuscripts are sufficient to establish the likely sequence of the recensions' emergence, it still does not tell us when any of this happened”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, it seems that Ibn Taymiyya knew only the RefJahm and the introduction directly, suggesting he had access to Recension 1 of al-Radd .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 2. terminuS ante quem: ibn al-qayyim citeS recenSion 3
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: An author's extant citations are a reliable guide to which recensions or parts of al-Radd that author knew.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it seems likely that the Recension 1 title simply contains a parellelism: the Jahmiy ya are described as Zanādiqa; the Jahmiyya's conception of God and his nature is zandaqa .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, because manuscripts may be lost, it is possible that the pattern suggested by the known manuscripts does not represent fully the history of the text .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Although the term”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites EI2, s.v."Zindīḳ" (F.C. de Blois)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites M. Chokr, Zandaqa et zindīqs en Islam au second siècle de l'hégire
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites S. Jackson, ...
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whatever the case, if”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I was able to identify thirteen extant manuscript witnesses in total and consulted eight of the nine earliest witnesses .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 1. manuScriPtS and recenSionS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea for the text finds its roots in the earlist elaborations of Hanbali theology, perhaps even in the notebooks of Ibn Ḥanbal himself.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recension 3 emerges in the Hanbali oeuvre in the eighth/fourteenth century in Damascus, but its origins remain obscure .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another recension appears at the beginning of the sixth/twelfth century, perhaps also in Baghdad .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, although it seems clear that al-Salmāsī was describing the RefZan, the other evidence only connects him to the transmission of the RefJahm .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also seems likely that it was in Baghdad that this happened, given the biographies of the two scholars cited .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Along with many others, Ibn Ḥanbal was famously interrogated in the miḥna over his theological positions (and, implicitly, his loyalty to temporal rule) .74”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.1. Quranic Arguments in the "Family" Biographies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [74]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al-Radd presents the opponents of the ulema as a group of generic”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that he received it in Baghdad, which would tally well with Ibn ʿAqīl and al-Kalwadhānī's citing the text in the late fifth/eleventh century.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This leaves the possibility that either the RefZan or Recension 2 emerged sometime between the mid-fifth and early sixth/mid-eleventh and early twelfth centuries .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, the specific issue raised in al-Salmāsī's title clearly describes the contents of the RefZan, which discusses only that issue .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although there is some evidence to suggest he may have capitulated, many Hanbalis and others commemorate his forbearance; he is said to have resisted all manner of attacks, both theological and physical .75”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.1. Quranic Arguments in the "Family" Biographies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, al-Salmāsī rejected the Shafiʿiyya in their acceptance of Ashʿari creedal principles (uṣūl al-dīn) and hewed to the credo of the Hanbalis instead .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, he was invested in what George Makdisi called”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Particularly important in the growth of this literature are what Michael Cooperson has called the”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.1. Quranic Arguments in the "Family" Biographies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cooperson
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is not much in Ibn Baṭṭa's biography to suggest an answer to his omitting any mention.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The way al-Radd is described by its two transmissions (i .e., as arguments refuting the Jahmiyya transmitted from ʿAbd Allāh to al-Khaḍir to al-Khallāl) does seem to reference or be modeled on at least one of al-Khallāl's versions of the list, yet al-Radd's author apparently felt a great deal of freedom: he used a largely different archive of quranic proof texts .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is most likely that Ibn al-Busrī was taken to”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This seems like a dead end, but it is worth pausing over Ibn Baṭṭa's biography because he was a contemporary of Ibn al-Nadīm, the earliest writer known to ascribe a text called al-Radd to Ibn Ḥanbal, and the one knew of the text but the other did not.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recall that ʿAbd Allāh, al-Marrūdhī, and al-Khaḍir (the latter two apud al-Khallāl) all said that the lists were found in notebooks written in Aḥmad's own hand, and later scholars such as Ibn al-Qayyim adduced this claim as one piece of evidence for the text's authenticity .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Several notes in the earliest manuscript of the text indicate that Ibn al-Nadīm was producing what he called a “fair copy” of his Fihrist in 377/987, but other evidence suggests he worked on it for decades, perhaps even right up to his death in 380/990 .135”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [135]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After all, al-Khallāl noted that Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī freely amended the list he copied from Ibn Ḥanbal.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The term “Jahmiyya” was clearly used in a broader sense.In a polemical letter directed at Ibn al-Qayyim, his contemporary, the Shafiʿi jurist Taqī al-Dīn al-Subkī, accuses Ibn al-Qayyim of using the word to refer to all the Ashʿariyya, a rival school of theology .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites C. Bori and L. Holtzman
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Even if Ibn Ḥanbal did famously declare that he did not wish his writings to be reproduced lest they lead others into error or his motives be mistaken, “God decreed that his works should be copied, organized, and spread .”139”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Both Riwāya X and Riwāya Y appear to be later fictions, however, given that neither al-Khallāl nor ʿAbd Allāh seems to have known al-Radd, despite being given credit for its transmission .114”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [114]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If either ʿAbd Allāh or al-Khallāl had known al-Radd, they would have mentioned it, especially if Ibn Ḥanbal had actually written it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Devin Stewart has argued that Ibn al-Nadīm seems to have lived and worked in Mosul until ca.346-348/957-959, when he relocated to Baghdad (likely to al-Karkh, a Shiʿi enclave) .134”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [134]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“On the other hand, it seems unlikely that anyone would have bothered to return to the text had it only been meaningful in the context of Islamic theology's earlier history or the particular context of postmiḥna Baghdad, yet Hanbalis from a variety of intellectual contexts cite the text .137”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [137]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, then, al-Radd differs in both form and content from the lists .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I suggested that Recension 2 (which contains the refutation of the Zanādiqa, RefZan, and that of the Jahmiyya, RefJahm) could not have emerged long before the first half of the sixth/twelfth century-nobody seems to know anything about it until then .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There are also some suggestions that the text was unfinished at Ibn al-Nadīm's death, e.g., blank spaces left in the text to be filled in and passages out of order due (it seems) to space constraints.”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [135]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Given the high level of agreement between ʿAbd Allāh and al-Khallāl's lists and al-Khallāl's explanation that al-Marrūdhī added verses not appearing in al-Khaḍir's list, the lists may well stem from a common source, which, in light of the temporal proximity of both ʿAbd Allāh and al-Khallāl to Ibn Ḥanbal, would either have been Ibn Ḥanbal's own list or one created by his close companions (and”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 99. Li-anna hādhihi al-āyāt al-ukhrā wa-hādhihi al-asmāʾ tubayyin annahu lā yakūnu min al-qurʾān shayʾ makhlūq .
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [113]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I suspect that this manuscript may not actually be al-Radd; according to Sezgin, Bengal 866 runs over fifty folios, much longer than the other manuscripts (which tend to cover only ten to twenty folios).”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Additional information
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stewart cites Ibn al-Nadīm's asking a jurist in 340/951 about things the jurist wrote as evidence that Ibn al-Nadīm was already gathering materials for al-Fihrist then .”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [135]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The surviving manuscript witnesses and their relative copy dates are representative enough to infer the probable order in which the recensions emerged.
“Because the manuscripts all postdate the life of the purported author, the general pattern suggested by the manuscripts' relative dating is far from secure .”
The paper relies on this without support.
An author's extant citations are a reliable guide to which recensions or parts of al-Radd that author knew.
“In other words, it seems that Ibn Taymiyya knew only the RefJahm and the introduction directly”
The authors state this as an assumption.
If either ʿAbd Allāh or al-Khallāl had known al-Radd, they would have mentioned it, especially if Ibn Ḥanbal had actually written it.
“One imagines that if either of those scholars knew about al-Radd, they would have mentioned it, especially if it had been actually written by Ibn Ḥanbal.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
If the text emerged after ʿAbd Allāh's death, al-Khallāl might have known it.
“One assumes that if the text emerged after ʿAbd Allāh's death, al-Khallāl might have known it.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Ibn Baṭṭa may have written al-Ibāna before the RefJahm or Recension 1, around 340–350.
“it is entirely conceivable that Ibn Baṭṭa might have written al-Ibāna before the writing of the RefJahm or Recension 1 (say, ca .340-350)”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Ibn al-Nadīm heard about the RefJahm or Recension 1 within the next few decades.
“and that Ibn al-Nadīm heard about the RefJahm or Recension 1 in the next few decades.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Ibn Baṭṭa lived in ʿUkbarā for the last forty years of his life and may have ceased learning new texts.
“if Ibn Baṭṭa lived in ʿUkbarā the last forty years of his life, when he might have ceased learning (of) new texts”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Ibn Baṭṭa retired to ʿUkbarā around the time Ibn al-Nadīm arrived in Baghdad.
“he must have retired there just about the time Ibn al-Nadīm is thought to have arrived in Baghdad .136”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
“For instance, Ibn Baṭṭa (d.387/977), a student of Ghulām al-Khallāl”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 4.3. Al-Radd Appears: Ibn al-Farrāʾ
“it is generally agreed that he died in Muḥarram 387 (January 997).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > References
“Yaḥyā al-Salmāsī (474-550/1100f.-1156)”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > 3. recenSion 2 and the originS of the refzan
“Riwāya Y indicates that he heard the text from Ibn Abī Yaʿlā in the Bāb al-Marātib neighborhood of east Baghdad during Rabīʿ II 504 (October-November 1110), i.e., when al-Salmāsī was some thirty years old .”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
“WAK 171/3, 345/11 (Riwāya”
§ Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History > Such is al-Radd's textual history .
“MS 345/10* Jumādā I 1295 (May 1878, a Friday)”
Citations
Cites
Muslim theology : a study of origins with reference to the Church Fathers
Seale, M. S. (1964) · Luzac eBooks · Cited by 42
THE CATALOGUE OF ARABIC MANUSCRIPTS (YAHUDA SECTION) OF THE GARRETT COLLECTION
ORMSBY (1978) · The Princeton University Library Chronicle · doi:10.2307/26402224 · Cited by 24
Gotz, M., & Voorhoeve, P. (1963) · Oriens · doi:10.2307/1580292 · Cited by 16
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- George Makdisi suggests, in the now somewhat outdated "Ashʿarī and the Ashʿarites in Islamic Religious History" (Studia Islamica 17 [1962]: 37-80; 18 [1963]: 19-39), that the Shafiʿiyya were split: some regarded the Ashʿari dialectical method as a sound basis for uṣūl al-dīn, but others regarded it as an innovation on their "tradition- alist" theology, which held that scriptural accounts should be accepted without investigation . Thus, the traditionalist Shafiʿiyya was more closely aligned with the traditionalist Hanbalis than with the Ashʿari Shafiʿiyya (Makdisi 1962: 79; 1963: 38) .
- J . J . Witkam, Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts in Leiden University Library, vol . 7 (Leiden: Ter Lugt Press, 2007), 101; online at http://www . islamicmanuscripts .info/inventories/leiden/index .html . 153. Ibn Ḥanbal, Radd, 140-41, 165-66 (plates) . Al-ʿAjmī does not give a number for this manuscript, and I was unable to locate it in Fihrist al-makhṭūṭāt fī markaz al-malik Fayṣal li-l-buḥūth wa-l-dirāsāt al-islāmiyya, ed .
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Konstruksi Pemikiran Hukum Islam Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: Pendekatan Sejarah Sosial Hukum Islam
Zainuddin, M. (2023) · Legitimasi Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Politik Hukum · doi:10.22373/legitimasi.v12i2.19858 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- McLaren, A. G.
- Corresponding author
- McLaren, Andrew G.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Publisher
- American Oriental Society
- Published
- 2021-09-19
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 0003-0279 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-2289
- OpenAlex
- W3112688891
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Oriental Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Islamic Thought and Society Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Historical and Linguistic Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Qur’anic Interpretation Studies
- Keywords
- Ibn Hanbal, textual history, manuscript recensions, Islamic polemics, early Islamic theology, Baghdad
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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