Diabetic retinopathy for the non-ophthalmologist
Open accessAbstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a microangiopathy resulting from the chronic effects of diabetes mellitus. Healthcare professionals often work in isolation to deliver highly specialised care efficiently and effectively for people living with diabetes. It is not uncommon for people with diabetes to be making frequent visits to community and hospital clinics to see a variety of specialists and healthcare professionals, with seemingly little opportunity for coordination of this complex health management programme between the wider team. In a field that is so diverse and rapidly changing, healthcare professionals of all specialties need to be aware of developments across all aspects of diabetes management. In this article, we discuss the epidemiology and natural history of diabetic retinopathy and describe an approach to its assessment and diagnosis. We provide an overview of the principles of diabetic retinopathy management and outline possible future treatments for diabetic retinopathy.
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In diabetic retinopathy models, MGF inhibits angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
“In diabetic retinopathy, MGF inhibits angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, suggesting potential for clinical translation (129).”
From Mangiferin in human disease: Multifaceted mechanisms and applications (Review) (2026) · cites this paper as [129]
The Intravitreal pharmacotherapeutics and What new ophthalmological treatments can we expect for DR? sections discuss anti-VEGF treatments, but do not address MGF. Searches for MGF, endothelial cell migration, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway found no passage supporting the attributed mechanism or its clinical-translation potential. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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References 26 · Cited by 151
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- Authors
- Fung, T. H., Patel, B., Wilmot, E. G., & Amoaku, W. M.
- Affiliations
- St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
- Venue
- Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 112-116
- ISSN
- 1470-2118 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8966825
- OpenAlex
- W4220672233
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 24.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal and Macular Surgery
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, microangiopathy, natural history (disease), diagnosis, assessment, future treatment, multidisciplinary care
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy, Health Personnel, Humans, Mass Screening
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