Barral, Joelle

Large language models encode clinical knowledge

Singhal, K., Azizi, S., Tu, T., Mahdavi, S. S., Wei, J., Chung, H. W., Scales, N., Tanwani, A., Cole-Lewis, H., Pfohl, S., et al. (2023) · Nature

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationTopic Modeling

Cited by 4,083

Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledge

Singhal, K., Azizi, S., Tu, T., Mahdavi, S. S., Wei, J., Chung, H. W., Scales, N., Tanwani, A., Cole-Lewis, H., Pfohl, S., et al. (2022) · arXiv

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationTopic Modeling

Cited by 4,083

Toward expert-level medical question answering with large language models

Singhal, K., Tu, T., Gottweis, J., Sayres, R., Wulczyn, E., Amin, M., Hou, L., Clark, K., Pfohl, S. R., Cole-Lewis, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationTopic Modeling

Cited by 1,734

Gemma 3 Technical Report

Gemma Team, Kamath, A., Ferret, J., Pathak, S., Vieillard, N., Merhej, R., Perrin, S., Matejovicova, T., Ramé, A., Rivière, M., et al. (2025) · arXiv

Multimodal Machine Learning ApplicationsTopic Modeling

Cited by 1,156

Towards Generalist Biomedical AI

Tu, T., Azizi, S., Driess, D., Schaekermann, M., Amin, M., Chang, P.-C., Carroll, A., Lau, C., Tanno, R., Ktena, I., et al. (2023) · arXiv

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationMultimodal Machine Learning Applications

Cited by 483

Towards Generalist Biomedical AI

Tu, T., Azizi, S., Driess, D., Schaekermann, M., Amin, M., Chang, P.-C., Carroll, A., Lau, C., Tanno, R., Ktena, I., et al. (2024) · NEJM AI

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationMultimodal Machine Learning Applications

Cited by 483

Towards conversational diagnostic artificial intelligence

Tu, T., Schaekermann, M., Palepu, A., Saab, K., Freyberg, J., Tanno, R., Wang, A., Li, B., Amin, M., Cheng, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Cited by 366

Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Models

Singhal, K., Tu, T., Gottweis, J., Sayres, R., Wulczyn, E., Hou, L., Clark, K., Pfohl, S., Cole-Lewis, H., Neal, D., et al. (2023) · arXiv

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationTopic Modeling

Cited by 338

Towards accurate differential diagnosis with large language models

McDuff, D., Schaekermann, M., Tu, T., Palepu, A., Wang, A., Garrison, J., Singhal, K., Sharma, Y., Azizi, S., Kulkarni, K., et al. (2025) · Nature

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationMachine Learning in Healthcare

Cited by 311

Towards Accurate Differential Diagnosis with Large Language Models

McDuff, D., Schaekermann, M., Tu, T., Palepu, A., Wang, A., Garrison, J., Singhal, K., Sharma, Y., Azizi, S., Kulkarni, K., et al. (2023) · arXiv

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationMachine Learning in Healthcare

Cited by 311

Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology

Gemma Team, Mesnard, T., Hardin, C., Dadashi, R., Bhupatiraju, S., Pathak, S., Sifre, L., Rivière, M., Kale, M. S., Love, J., et al. (2024) · arXiv

Topic ModelingNatural Language Processing Techniques

Cited by 284

Collaboration between clinicians and vision–language models in radiology report generation

Tanno, R., Barrett, D. G. T., Sellergren, A., Ghaisas, S., Dathathri, S., See, A., Welbl, J., Lau, C., Tu, T., Azizi, S., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationMultimodal Machine Learning Applications

Cited by 186

Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size

Gemma Team, Riviere, M., Pathak, S., Sessa, P. G., Hardin, C., Bhupatiraju, S., Hussenot, L., Mesnard, T., Shahriari, B., Ramé, A., et al. (2024) · arXiv

Topic ModelingNatural Language Processing Techniques

Cited by 149

Capabilities of Gemini Models in Medicine

Saab, K., Tu, T., Weng, W.-H., Tanno, R., Stutz, D., Wulczyn, E., Zhang, F., Strother, T., Park, C., Vedadi, E., et al. (2024) · arXiv

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationMultimodal Machine Learning Applications

Cited by 117

A toolbox for surfacing health equity harms and biases in large language models

Pfohl, S. R., Cole-Lewis, H., Sayres, R., Neal, D., Asiedu, M., Dieng, A., Tomasev, N., Rashid, Q. M., Azizi, S., Rostamzadeh, N., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine

Ethics and Social Impacts of AIArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education

Cited by 113

Gemma 4 Technical Report

Gemma Team, Abd, S. E., Aggarwal, V., Algayres, R., Andreev, A., Bachem, O., Ballantyne, I., Brick, C., Cărbune, V., Casbon, M., et al. (2026) · arXiv

Multimodal Machine Learning ApplicationsTopic Modeling

Cited by 112

Publisher Correction: Large language models encode clinical knowledge

Singhal, K., Azizi, S., Tu, T., Mahdavi, S. S., Wei, J., Chung, H. W., Scales, N., Tanwani, A., Cole-Lewis, H., Pfohl, S., et al. (2023) · Nature

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationMachine Learning in Healthcare

Cited by 101

MedGemma Technical Report

Sellergren, A., Kazemzadeh, S., Jaroensri, T., Kiraly, A., Traverse, M., Kohlberger, T., Xu, S., Jamil, F., Hughes, C., Lau, C., et al. (2025) · arXiv

Multimodal Machine Learning ApplicationsArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education

Cited by 49

Advancing Multimodal Medical Capabilities of Gemini

Yang, L., Xu, S., Sellergren, A., Kohlberger, T., Zhou, Y., Ktena, I., Kiraly, A., Ahmed, F., Hormozdiari, F., Jaroensri, T., et al. (2024) · arXiv

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationMultimodal Machine Learning Applications

Cited by 34