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Excess Significance Bias in the Literature on Brain Volume Abnormalities

Ioannidis, John P. A.·2011·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.28

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Many studies report volume abnormalities in diverse brain structures in patients with various mental health conditions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether there is evidence for an excess number of statistically significant results in studies of brain volume abnormalities that suggest the presence of bias in the literature. DATA SOURCES: PubMed (articles published from January 2006 to December 2009). STUDY SELECTION: Recent meta-analyses of brain volume abnormalities in participants with various mental health conditions vs control participants with 6 or more data sets included, excluding voxel-based morphometry. DATA EXTRACTION: Standardized effect sizes were extracted in each data set, and it was noted whether the results were "positive" (P < .05) or not. For each data set in each meta-analysis, I estimated the power to detect at α = .05 an effect equal to the summary effect of the respective meta-analysis. The sum of the power estimates gives the number of expected positive data sets. The expected number of positive data sets can then be compared against the observed number. DATA SYNTHESIS: From 8 articles, 41 meta-analyses with 461 data sets were evaluated (median, 10 data sets per meta-analysis) pertaining to 7 conditions. Twenty-one of the 41 meta-analyses had found statistically significant associations, and 142 of 461 (31%) data sets had positive results. Even if the summary effect sizes of the meta-analyses were unbiased, the expected number of positive results would have been only 78.5 compared with the observed number of 142 (P < .001). CONCLUSION: There are too many studies with statistically significant results in the literature on brain volume abnormalities. This pattern suggests strong biases in the literature, with selective outcome reporting and selective analyses reporting being possible explanations.

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Additional file 6 of Validity of observational evidence on putative risk and protective factors: appraisal of 3744 meta-analyses on 57 topics
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Additional file 8 of Validity of observational evidence on putative risk and protective factors: appraisal of 3744 meta-analyses on 57 topics
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Additional file 2 of Validity of observational evidence on putative risk and protective factors: appraisal of 3744 meta-analyses on 57 topics
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Additional file 9 of Validity of observational evidence on putative risk and protective factors: appraisal of 3744 meta-analyses on 57 topics
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Hengartner, M. P. (2026) · Angewandte Psychologie Kompakt · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72845-1_4

Authors: Ioannidis, J. P. A.
Affiliations: University of Ioannina (GR)
Corresponding author: Ioannidis, John P. A.
ORCID: Ioannidis, John P. A.
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2011-08-01
Volume: 68
Issue: 8
Pages: 773
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.28
OpenAlex: W2169662981
Cited by: 299
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 29.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Keywords: publication bias, selective outcome reporting, meta-analysis, mental illness, statistical power, standardized effect size, neuroimaging
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Brain, Humans, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Publication Bias

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Excess Significance Bias in the Literature on Brain Volume Abnormalities

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