The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Transitions Between Frailty States Among Community-Living Older Persons
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the natural course of frailty. We performed a prospective study to determine the transition rates between frailty states and to evaluate the effect of the preceding frailty state on subsequent frailty transitions. METHODS: We studied 754 community-living persons, aged 70 years or older, who were nondisabled in 4 essential activities of daily living. Frailty, assessed every 18 months for 54 months, was defined on the basis of weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, muscle weakness, and slow walking speed. Participants were classified as frail if they met 3 or more of these criteria, as prefrail if they met 1 or 2 of the criteria, and as nonfrail if they met none of the criteria. RESULTS: Of the 754 participants, 434 (57.6%) had at least 1 transition between any 2 of the 3 frailty states during 54 months. The rates were 36.8%, 21.5%, and 9.2% for 1, 2, and 3 transitions, respectively. During the 18-month intervals, transitions to states of greater frailty were more common (rates up to 43.3%) than transitions to states of lesser frailty (rates up to 23.0%), and the probability of transitioning from being frail to nonfrail was very low (rates, 0%-0.9%), even during an extended period. The likelihood of transitioning between frailty states was highly dependent on one's preceding frailty state. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty among older persons is a dynamic process, characterized by frequent transitions between frailty states over time. Our findings suggest ample opportunity for the prevention and remediation of frailty.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“and moderate/severe frailty (RR 2.60, 95% CI 1.36-4.96) (95).”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“Risk of admission to long-term care is also increased in those with mild frailty (adjusted risk ratio (RR) 2.54, 95% CI 1.67-3.86)”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“The Yale Precipitating Events Project (PEP) is a cohort study based in New Haven CT that enrolled individuals aged 70 years or older.”
From A standard procedure for creating a frailty index (2008) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148
Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations
Kaplan, E. L., & Meier, P. (1992) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_25 · Cited by 45,239
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793
Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations
Kaplan, E. L., & Meier, P. (1958) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1958.10501452 · Cited by 39,158
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1992) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_37 · Cited by 26,297
Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype
Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., Seeman, T., Tracy, R., Kop, W. J., Burke, G., et al. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146 · Cited by 24,907
(2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-27255-0_9 · Cited by 20,333
Fried, L. P., Ferrucci, L., Darer, J., Williamson, J. D., & Anderson, G. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/59.3.m255 · Cited by 4,032
The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation
Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W., Jette, A. M., & Janney, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 · Cited by 3,256
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O., & Rockwood, K. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62167-9 · Cited by 9,503
A standard procedure for creating a frailty index
Searle, S. D., Mitnitski, A., Gahbauer, E. A., Gill, T. M., & Rockwood, K. (2008) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-8-24 · Cited by 3,568
“1–29, GS ≤ 18 For BMI>29, GS ≤ 21 Published [15,22]”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFrailty: implications for clinical practice and public health
Hoogendijk, E. O., Afilalo, J., Ensrud, K. E., Kowal, P. R., Onder, G., & Fried, L. P. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31786-6 · Cited by 3,472
The Frailty Syndrome: Definition and Natural History
Xue, Q. (2010) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.009 · Cited by 2,067
“conceptual framework, preliminary evidence has now been obtained on the natural history of the clinical phenotype of frailty.(3,6) This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the epidemiology of frailty by focusing on 6 specific areas: (1)”
BackgroundDeutz, N. E. P., Bauer, J. M., Barazzoni, R., Biolo, G., Boirie, Y., Bosy-Westphal, A., Cederholm, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Krznariç, Z., Nair, K. S., et al. (2014) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.007 · Cited by 1,738
“Notably, frailty can be prevented or reversed by intervention, particularly by greater protein intake and exercise [28,29].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gill, T. M., Gahbauer, E. A., Allore, H. G., & Han, L.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-02-27
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 418
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022181538
- Cited by
- 1,141
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 10.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Patrick and Catherine Weldon Donaghue Medical Research Foundation
- Yale University (P30AG21342)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG022993, R37AG017560, K24AG021507, R37AG17560, P30 AG21342, P30AG021342)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- frailty, pre-frailty, frailty transitions, community-dwelling older adults, frailty prevention, activities of daily living, weight loss, muscle weakness, physical activity, walking speed, exhaustion
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Geriatrics, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Frail Elderly
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
