The Paradigm Shift Toward Surgical Intervention for Neonates With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
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Advances in surgical technique and perioperative care in recent decades have raised survival among infants with even the most severe forms of congenital heart disease.
“Improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative care over recent decades have led to an increase in survival of young infants with even the most critical forms of congenital heart disease (CHD). 1”
From Neuroimaging, cardiovascular physiology, and functional outcomes in infants with congenital heart disease (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
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Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Feinstein, J. A., Benson, D. W., Dubin, A. M., Cohen, M. S., Maxey, D. M., Mahle, W. T., Pahl, E., Villafañe, J., Bhatt, A. B., Peng, L. F., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.022 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
“Prospective, longitudinal assessment of QOL and its determinants is needed to understand the impact of this disease.”
InfluentialNeurodevelopmental Outcomes of the Child with Congenital Heart Disease
Latal, B. (2016) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2015.11.012 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“Hence, shared structures and resources already in place for these at-risk populations should be used, but additional financial resources need to be made available to cover the extra costs required to provide follow-up assessment for children with CHD. Importantly, these follow-up visits should take place in specialize…”
BackgroundInfluentialPatel, A., Hickey, E. J., Mavroudis, C. D., Jacobs, M. L., Jacobs, M. L., Backer, C. L., Gevitz, M., & Mavroudis, C. D. (2010) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.02.004 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A 4-Step Framework for Shared Decision-making in Pediatrics
Opel, D. J. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-0516e · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Inpatient Costs and Charges for Surgical Treatment of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Dean, P. N., Hillman, D. G., McHugh, K. E., & Gutgesell, H. P. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3742 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Kelly, C. J., Makropoulos, A., Cordero‐Grande, L., Hutter, J. M., Price, A. N., Hughes, E., Deprez, M., Teixeira, R. P. A. G., Steinweg, J. K., Kulkarni, S., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14939-z · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental outcome of children with congenital heart disease
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“Improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative care over recent decades have led to an increase in survival of young infants with even the most critical forms of congenital heart disease (CHD).(1) However, survivors of CHD continue to show functional deficits in early childhood and adolescence.”
BackgroundSholler, G. F., Kasparian, N. A., Pye, V., Cole, A. D., & Winlaw, D. S. (2011) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02039.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Winters, J. P. (2018) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2018.1485758 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Changing Epidemiology of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Results of a National Swedish Cohort Study
Öhman, A., El‐Segaier, M., Bergman, G., Hanséus, K., Malm, T. K., Nilsson, B., Pivodic, A., Rydberg, A., Sonesson, S., & Mellander, M. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.010893 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The paradigm shift of not offering comfort care has been described and advocated, the main argument being acceptable survival and a reasonable quality of life for survivors.(30) The apparent covariation, in our study, between place of birth and proportion of neonates with HLHS undergoing surgery could not be explained…”
Prenatally diagnosed fetal conditions in the age of fetal care: does who counsels matter?
Brown, S. D., Ecker, J. L., Ward, J. R. M., Halpern, E. F., Sayeed, S., Buchmiller, T. L., MITCHELL, C. M., & Donelan, K. (2012) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.01.026 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Parenting children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Finding a balance
Lee, A., & Rempel, G. R. (2011) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2011.00289.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Neukomm, A., Ehrler, M., Feldmann, M., Chaouch, A., Knirsch, W., Hagmann, C. F., András, J., & Latal, B. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.07.032 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Parental Decision Making Regarding Treatment of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Ellinger, M. K., & Rempel, G. R. (2010) · Advances in Neonatal Care · doi:10.1097/anc.0b013e3181fc7c5d · Cited by 32 · see citing works
What Does Palliative Care Mean in Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease?
Rychik, J. R. (2013) · World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery · doi:10.1177/2150135112456405 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Some advocate strongly for palliative care as a continued viable choice,5,6 while others have made the case that the threshold of satisfactory outcome has been crossed and therefore to exclude palliative care as an option for HLHS.7 Yates et al conducted a survey of 200 pediatric cardiologists who subscribe to a profe…”
BackgroundInfluentialRahman, T., Al-Ruweidi, M. K. A. A., Sumon, M. S. I., Kamal, R. Y., Chowdhury, M. E. H., & Yalcin, H. C. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3316719 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Animal studies supported these observations, in which surgical interventions causing blood flow abnormalities resulted in ventricular hypoplasia in the developing embryo [20], [21], [22].”
ResultReich, B., Heye, K., Tuura, R., Beck, I., Wetterling, K., Hahn, A., Hofmann, K., Schranz, D., Akintürk, H., Latal, B., et al. (2017) · Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2017.09.014 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Informed consent,bioethical equipoise, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Mavroudis, C., Mavroudis, C. D., Farrell, R. M., Jacobs, M. L., Jacobs, J. P., & Kodish, E. D. (2011) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951111001715 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hospital Inpatient Costs for Single Ventricle Patients Surviving the Fontan Procedure
Huang, L., Schilling, C. G., Dalziel, K., Xie, S., Celermajer, D. S., McNeil, J. J., Winlaw, D. S., Hornung, T., Radford, D. J., Grigg, L., et al. (2017) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.04.049 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kane, J. M., Canar, J., Kalinowski, V., Johnson, T. J., & Hoehn, K. S. (2015) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-015-1294-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“As such, there is controversy in the medical literature as to whether in-hospital non-surgical palliative care or discharge to home without surgery should still be considered reasonable options for children born with HLHS [27].”
Initial Counseling Prior to Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Yates, A. R., Hoffman, T. M., Boettner, B. L., Feltes, T. F., & Cua, C. L. (2011) · Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1111/j.1747-0803.2011.00525.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ross, L. F., & Frader, J. E. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.008 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Does refusal of surgery for HLHS remain a ‘‘reasonable’’ option in 2008? Kon and Feudtner claim yes and therefore argue that parents need to be informed(1,3); Wernofsky claims no and therefore does not believe that a parent needs to know about non-surgical options.(2) Although Kon believes in offering palliative care…”
Mitteregger, E., Wehrli, M., Theiler, M., Logoteta, J., Nast, I., Seliner, B., & Latal, B. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02808-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental outcome in hypoplastic left heart syndrome after hybrid procedure
Reich, B., Heye, K., Wetterling, K., Logeswaran, T., Hahn, A., Akintürk, H., Jux, C., & Schranz, D. (2019) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp.2019.04.05 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cummings, C. L., & Mercurio, M. R. (2012) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/jp.2012.69 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Latal, B., Kellenberger, C. J., Dimitropoulos, A., Hagmann, C. F., Balmer, C., Beck, I., & Bernet, V. (2015) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12701 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lowry, A. W. (2012) · Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1111/j.1747-0803.2012.00710.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Reich, B., Heye, K., Tuura, R., Beck, I., Wetterling, K., Hahn, A., Aktintürk, H., Schranz, D., Jux, C., Kretschmar, O., et al. (2019) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.12.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Advances in prenatal diagnosis, birth, perinatal, and perioperative management in pediatric heart centers have increased survival rates near to 90% even for the most complex variants of congenital heart disease (CHD), including HLHS [1].”
BackgroundHypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: An Overview for Primary Care Providers
Javed, R., Cetta, F., Said, S. M., Olson, T. M., O’Leary, P., & Qureshi, M. Y. (2019) · Pediatrics in Review · doi:10.1542/pir.2018-0005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ethics of Cardiac Transplantation in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Kon, A. A. (2009) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-009-9428-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The 5-year survival for infants whose parents opt for cardiac reconstruction is reported to be approximately 70% [2, 26], however some predict that the current survival is even greater than has been reported in the literature [30].”
BackgroundParis, J. J., Moore, M. P., & Schreiber, M. D. (2012) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/jp.2012.72 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Parental Refusal of Surgery in an Infant With Tricuspid Atresia
Kon, A. A., Patel, A., Leuthner, S. R., & Lantos, J. D. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1730 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Outcomes and hospital costs associated with the Norwood operation: beyond morbidity and mortality
Kogon, B. E., Kanter, K. R., Alsoufi, B., Maher, K. O., & Oster, M. E. (2014) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951114002224 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This debate becomes more complicated in the presence of high-risk lesions that increase morbidity and mortality.(19,20) The variable penetrance and unknown outcomes of many of these associated lesions have led us to continue to offer surgical palliation.”
BackgroundCounselling variation among physicians regarding intestinal transplant for short bowel syndrome
Cummings, C. L., Diefenbach, K. A., & Mercurio, M. R. (2013) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-101269 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
May We Take Our Baby With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Home?
Devereaux, M., & Kon, A. A. (2017) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2017.1314047 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Resource and cost considerations in treating hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Urencio, M., Greenleaf, C. E., Salazar, J. D., & Dodge‐Khatami, A. (2016) · Pediatric Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/phmt.s98327 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This condition is uniformly fatal if not treated and is the most common cause of cardiac death in patients <1 month old.(2) No known causes have been found for this condition, but some genetic component is suspected, as well as hereditary and environmental causes.”
Orr, Y., Leclair, K., Jacobe, S. J., Badawi, N. A., Nicholson, I., Chard, R. B., Sholler, G. F., & Winlaw, D. S. (2013) · ANZ Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1111/ans.12103 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Long-term survival estimates are similar to those for other complex congenital cardiac diseases and outcome following intervention for HLHS is similar to that for some other lifethreatening non-cardiac neonatal diseases.(9,10) Most medium- and high-volume paediatric cardiac surgical programmes routinely include surgic…”
ResultTeixeira, J., Caflisch, J., Chaouch, A., Beck, I., Feldmann, M., Polentarutti, S., Balmer, C., & Latal, B. (2021) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951121004145 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Bondy, C. A. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme1002923 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Exploring a Paradigm Shift in Favor of Surgery
Paul, E. A., Orfàli, K., & Starc, T. J. (2016) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-016-1455-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Few providers discussed surgery in isolation (7 %, 95 % CI [2, 12] in 1995 and 16 %, 95 % CI [10, 22] in 2012).”
BackgroundHypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Parent Support for Early Decision Making
Toebbe, S., Yehle, K. S., Kirkpatrick, J. M., & Coddington, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2012.11.005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Haxel, C. S., Glickstein, J. S., & Parravicini, E. (2019) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.07.044 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Swanson, T. M., Patel, A., Baxter, A. J., Morris, S. A., Maskatia, S. A., & Lantos, J. D. (2020) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-020-02367-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Decreasing Number of Deaths of Infants with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Fanaroff, A. A. (2009) · Yearbook of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/s8756-5005(09)79141-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chiperi, L. E., Huţanu, A., Tecar, C., & Muntean, I. (2023) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.3390/clinpract13050113 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The prognosis of these patients has improved significantly in recent years, with a survival rate of 80 to 90% due to improved methods of diagnosis and treatment [3].”
BackgroundEdwin, F., Edwin, A. K., Palacios‐Macedo, A., Mamorare, H. M., & Yao, N.-A. (2022) · World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery · doi:10.1177/21501351221103511 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bokhari, S. F. H., Sattar, S. M. F., Mehboob, U., Umais, M., Ahmad, M. S., Malik, A., Bakht, D., Iqbal, A., & Dost, W. (2025) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v17.i3.103668 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome in context
Winlaw, D. S., Badawi, N. A., Jacobe, S. J., Kasparian, N. A., Cooper, S. G., Murphy, D. N., Sherwood, M. C., Roberts, P., Leclair, K., Scarfe, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02084.x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Life after the Norwood procedure: Figure 1
Salzer‐Muhar, U. E. (2009) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2009.166561 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These start in the near future before birth and go to the longterm future far beyond the present time, to be viewed in terms of hope.(15) It is our responsibility to provide professional information and support so that the parents can make the best decision for their future lives.”
BackgroundChronic Heart Failure in Children with Congenital Heart Disease
Lin, K. Y., & Shaddy, R. E. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-84996-480-7_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The ACC/AHA guidelines list two class I recommendations for mitral valve surgery in adolescent and young adults with severe mitral regurgitation: ( 1 ) those who are symptomatic (NYHA class III or IV), and (2) asymptomatic patients with LV systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction 1 ) symptoms of angina, syncope, or dys…”
MethodInitial Counseling Prior to Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: 2021 vs 2011
Nandi, D., Culp, S., Yates, A. R., Hoffman, T. M., Juraszek, A. L., Snyder, C. S., Feltes, T. F., & Cua, C. L. (2023) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-023-03170-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ethical Considerations in Fetal and Pediatric Cardiology
Gandhi, R., Kirsch, R. E., & Patel, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42937-9_4-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psycho-emotional Stress in Pediatric Cardiac Units
Zuk, J., & Talmi, A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4619-3_131 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ethical Considerations in Congenital Heart Disease
Boss, R. D., & Shapiro, M. C. (2015) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000375226 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hilton-Kamm, D., & Haskell, H. W. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6587-3_37 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Active and Passive Euthanasia in the Context of Severe Congenital Heart Disease
Harahsheh, A. S., & Sade, R. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35660-6_19 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
La vie forcée ou corrigée en médecine périnatale : le point de vue du clinicien en néonatalogie
Bétrémieux, P. (2015) · Ethics Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jemep.2015.04.002
Auerbach, S. R., Campbell, D. N., & Miyamoto, S. D. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4619-3_40
Hybrid Palliation in the Treatment of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Shaffer, V. A., & Alpert, P. T. (2016) · Journal of Doctoral Nursing Practice · doi:10.1891/2380-9418.9.1.91
“Journal of Doctoral Nursing Practice, Volume 9, Number 1, 2016 © Springer Publishing Company 91 http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2380-9418.9.1.91 abnormal brain findings at birth (Wernovsky, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialInformed Consent in Fetal Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Mavroudis, C. D., Patel, A., & Gandhi, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35660-6_13
Cardiopatias congenitas cianoticas
Araújo, R. D. O., Maranhao, E. A., Siquira, A. G., Silva, H. M., & Alves, P. M. (1981)
Newborns with Severe Disability or Impairment
Devereaux, M., & Marc-Aurele, K. (2021) · The International Library of Bioethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86182-7_17
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
(2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0755-7.00425-5
Ethical Considerations in Fetal and Pediatric Cardiology
Gandhi, R., Kirsch, R. E., & Patel, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07563-6_4
Findley, T. O., & Graham, B. M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-24098-0.00012-8
Mitteregger, E., Wehrli, M., Theiler, M., Logoteta, J., Nast, I., Seliner, B., & Latal, B. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16725852
Mitteregger, E., Wehrli, M., Theiler, M., Logoteta, J., Nast, I., Seliner, B., & Latal, B. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16725849
Mitteregger, E., Wehrli, M., Theiler, M., Logoteta, J., Nast, I., Seliner, B., & Latal, B. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16725846
The Sooner, the Better: Neuroprotective Strategies in Fetuses With Congenital Heart Disease
Nijman, M., van der Meijden, M. E. M., Breur, J. M. P. J., Stegeman, R., Jansen, N. J. G., Bekker, M. N., Benders, M. J. N. L., & Claessens, N. H. P. (2026) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.70069
App 2oEthical Issues in Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease
Kirsch, R. E., Campbell, M., & Madrigal, V. N. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-11851-7.00107-5
- Authors
- Wernovsky, G.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wernovsky, Gil
- ORCID
- Wernovsky, Gil
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2008-09-01
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 849
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063990188
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Congenital Heart Disease Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Congenital heart defects research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiovascular Conditions and Treatments
- Keywords
- hypoplastic left heart syndrome, neonates, surgical treatment, congenital heart disease, palliative care
- MeSH terms
- Counseling, Decision Making, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Palliative Care, Parents, Risk Factors, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
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