Autism prevalence and precipitation: the potential for cross-level bias
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Ecological studies cannot establish that the exposed individual is the same as the diagnosed individual and cannot account for individual-level confounding.
“In aggregate outcome data, it cannot be known that the individual experiencing the exposure is the same individual within the group that had an autism diagnosis. Furthermore, it is not possible to account for individual-level confounding influences in this type of design”
From Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
Cites
(2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 27,577 · see citing works
Invited commentary: ecologic studies—biases, misconceptions, and counterexamples
Greenland, S., & Robins, J. (1994) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117069 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Palmer, R. F., Blanchard, S., Stein, Z. W., Mandell, D. S., & Miller, C. S. (2005) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.11.005 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Principles of Study Design in Environmental Epidemiology
Morgenstern, H., & Thomas, D. (1993) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s423 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Autism Prevalence and Precipitation Rates in California, Oregon, and Washington Counties
Waldman, M., Nicholson, S., Adilov, N., & Williams, J. J. (2008) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.11.1026 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Weiss, N. S. (2008) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.11.1095 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Kalkbrenner, A. E., Schmidt, R. J., & Penlesky, A. C. (2014) · Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2014.06.001 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“Mitochondrial Mitochondrial dysregulation has been shown in children with autism.(181,18)”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Braun, J. M., & Kalkbrenner, A.
- ORCID
- Kalkbrenner, Amy
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2009-05-04
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 492
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1990116600
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2014: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD052468)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autism prevalence, precipitation
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Humans, Rain, Urbanization, Bias, Prevalence
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