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Influence of Diagnostic Criteria on the Incidence of Gestational Diabetes and Perinatal Morbidity
Abstract
Objective. —To determine the incidence of gestational diabetes and its associated maternal and infant morbidity by two sets of 3-hour glucose tolerance test criteria, those recommended by the National Diabetes Data Group or the lower, modified criteria of Carpenter and Coustan. Design. —Prospective, observational outcome cohort study. Setting. —Prepaid health maintenance organization. Subjects. —A total of 2019 pregnant women preregistered in a health maintenance organization were screened for a plasma glucose of 7.77 mmol/L (140 mg/ dL) or greater, 1 hour after ingestion of a 50-g glucose drink administered after an overnight fast. Positive subjects received a 3-hour glucose tolerance test interpreted by the two criteria. Data are presented for 521 randomly selected negative screenees; 264 positive screen, negative glucose tolerance test subjects; and 101 subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus. Outcome Measures. —Maternal risk factors for diabetes, infant birth weight corrected for gestational age (birth-weight ratio), umbilical cord serum insulin levels, and 33 maternal and infant perinatal morbidities assessed from chart review. Results. —Gestational diabetes incidence was 5.0% overall based on the modified criteria and 3.2% by the recommended criteria. Maternal age and family history of diabetes were higher in both modified and recommended groups. Birth-weight ratio was 1.05 in negative screenees, 1.09 in gestational diabetes overall (P<.05 when only diet-treated subjects were considered), and 1.11 in modified and 1.08 in recommended criteria groups. Cord serum insulin levels in infants of gestational diabetic mothers by both criteria were 40% above those of negative screenees (P<.001). The average percentage incidence of 33 possible perinatal morbidities was 41% higher in gestational diabetic pregnancies by the modified criteria. The cumulative number of morbidities was higher in both modified and recommended criteria groups (P<.01 in both instances). In contrast, subjects having a positive glucose screening test but a negative glucose tolerance test by modified criteria had none of the characteristics of gestational diabetes with the single exception of greater age. Conclusions. —Fifty percent more cases of gestational diabetes were identified using the more inclusive, modified criteria. These cases had as much excess in maternal diabetes risk factors, infant macrosomia, and cord hyperinsulinemia and nearly as much increase in perinatal morbidity as subjects diagnosed by the recommended criteria. The incidence and perinatal impact of gestational diabetes may be greater than previously appreciated. The modified criteria deserve wider verification and use. (JAMA. 1993;269:609-615)
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“Use of Carpenter-Coustan compared to National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria increases the number of women diagnosed with GDM by 30-50%”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Magee, M. S.
- Corresponding author
- Magee, M. Scott
- Venue
- JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1993-02-03
- Volume
- 269
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 609
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W4298096442
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-35816, DK-28130)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, diagnostic criteria, National Diabetes Data Group criteria, Carpenter and Coustan criteria, glucose screening, perinatal morbidity, birth weight, incidence, prenatal diagnosis, health maintenance organizations, family history of diabetes, maternal age
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.